天球参考系与地球参考系之间的坐标转换研究进展

天球参考系(CRS)与地球参考系(TRS)之间的坐标转换是天体测量学、大地测量学和地球物理学共同关注的研究领域,也是高精度的军事测绘保障和空间大地测量技术实现的理论基础。基于IAU2000的有关决议,重新研究了CRS和TRS之间转换的有关问题,主要内容包括:天球历书极(CEP)目前存在的问题和天球中间极(CIP)的引入;非旋转原点(NRO)、天球历书原点(CEO)和地球历书原点(TEO)的基本概念;基于春分点和NRO的坐标转换模型以及其中的有关参数的确定。本文完整地综述了CRS和TRS之间转换的理论,也指出了其中存在的问题和有待改进的地方。     

Design of high precision horizontal control network for large-scale hydropower project

IntroductionThe design of high precision horizontal controlnetwork for large-scale hydropower project toconstruct control network and measure deforma-tion of monitoring network.It can be also divid-ed into horizontal control network and verticalcontrol ne…     

顾及地球引力摄动的卫星和卫星星下点位置计算

本文叙述了顾及地球引力摄动的卫星化置计算方法；利用天球坐标系与地球坐标系之间的坐标变换关系，给出了由卫星位置计算卫星星下点位置的严密计算公式。     

An improved segmentation approach for planar surfaces from unstructured 3D point clouds

The extraction of object features from massive unstructured point clouds with different local densities, especially in the presence of random noisy points, is not a trivial task even if that feature is a planar surface. Segmentation is the most important step in the feature extraction process. In practice, most segmentation approaches use geometrical information to segment the 3D point cloud. The features generally include the position of each point (X, Y and Z), locally estimated surface normals and residuals of best fitting surfaces; however, these features could be affected by noisy points and in consequence directly affect the segmentation results. Therefore, massive unstructured and noisy point clouds also lead to bad segmentation (over-segmentation, under-segmentation or no segmentation). While the RANSAC (random sample consensus) algorithm is effective in the presence of noise and outliers, it has two significant disadvantages, namely, its efficiency and the fact that the plane detected by RANSAC may not necessarily belong to the same object surface; that is, spurious surfaces may appear, especially in the case of parallel-gradual planar surfaces such as stairs. The innovative idea proposed in this paper is a modification for the RANSAC algorithm called Seq-NV-RANSAC. This algorithm checks the normal vector (NV) between the existing point clouds and the hypothesised RANSAC plane, which is created by three random points, under an intuitive threshold value. After extracting the first plane, this process is repeated sequentially (Seq) and automatically, until no planar surfaces can be extracted from the remaining points under the existing threshold value. This prevents the extraction of spurious surfaces, brings an improvement in quality to the computed attributes and increases the degree of automation of surface extraction. Thus the best fit is achieved for the real existing surfaces.     

地球参考系的实现

本文简要讨论了组合不同空间技术建立全球最优协议地球参考架（ＣＴＲＦ）的理论和方法；重点分析了影响ＣＴＲＦ稳定的几种主要地球长期形变因素的性质和规律。首次考虑到地球质心运动对ＣＴＲＦ的影响，提出了协议地球质心的概念，给出了更为完整的四维地面点位模型。     

Retrieval of effective leaf area index (LAIe) and leaf area density (LAD) profile at individual tree level using high density multi-return airborne LiDAR

As an important canopy structure indicator, leaf area index (LAI) proved to be of considerable implications for forest ecosystem and ecological studies, and efficient techniques for accurate LAI acquisitions have long been highlighted. Airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR), often termed as airborne laser scanning (ALS), once was extensively investigated for this task but showed limited performance due to its low sampling density. Now, ALS systems exhibit more competing capacities such as high density and multi-return sampling, and hence, people began to ask the questions like—“can ALS now work better on the task of LAI prediction?” As a re-examination, this study investigated the feasibility of LAI retrievals at the individual tree level based on high density and multi-return ALS, by directly considering the vertical distributions of laser points lying within each tree crown instead of by proposing feature variables such as quantiles involving laser point distribution modes at the plot level. The examination was operated in the case of four tree species (i.e. Picea abies, Pinus sylvestris, Populus tremula and Quercus robur) in a mixed forest, with their LAI-related reference data collected by using static terrestrial laser scanning (TLS). In light of the differences between ALS- and TLS-based LAI characterizations, the methods of voxelization of 3D scattered laser points, effective LAI (LAIe) that does not distinguish branches from canopies and unified cumulative LAI (ucLAI) that is often used to characterize the vertical profiles of crown leaf area densities (LADs) was used; then, the relationships between the ALS- and TLS-derived LAIes were determined, and so did ucLAIs. Tests indicated that the tree-level LAIes for the four tree species can be estimated based on the used airborne LiDAR (R² = 0.07, 0.26, 0.43 and 0.21, respectively) and their ucLAIs can also be derived. Overall, this study has validated the usage of the contemporary high density multi-return airborne LiDARs for LAIe and LAD profile retrievals at the individual tree level, and the contribution are of high potential for advancing forest ecosystem modeling and ecological understanding.     

Beobachtungen Kleiner Planeten. XII

Es wird eine Übersicht gegeben über die im Jahr 1991 auf Tautenburger Schmidtplatten gefundenen Kleinen Planeten. Es wurden 533 Objekte beobachtet und für diese 2066 Positionen gerechnet. Es handelt sich um 456 Planetoiden mit provisorischer Bezeichnung, unter denen 324 neu vergebene Bezeichnungen sind, sowie um 77 numerierte Objekte. Für Tautenburger Objekte wurden 250 Bahnen aus einer Opposition gerechnet. Für 54 im Berichtszeitraum numerierte Planeten, darunter befinden sich auch (4999) MPC und (5000) IAU, haben Tautenburger Positionen einen Beitrag geleistet. Neun Tautenburger Planetoiden wurden numeriert (Tab. 3). A summary is given about the Minor Planet survey performed in 1991 on Tautenburg Schmidt plates. 533 asteroids were observed and 2066 positions are calculated for them. These are 456 asteroids with provisional designations (324 of them have new designations) and 77 numbered objects. One-opposition orbits have been computed for 250 Teutenburg asteroids. Tautenburg observations could give a tribute to 54 planets numbered in the period of this report, among them are (4999) MPC and (5000) IAU, too. Nine Tautenburg asteroids have been numbered (Tab. 3).     

基于可移动角点的航空和地面LiDAR数据配准

针对航空和地面LiDAR数据配准中点云数据的共轭特征较少且精度差异较大的问题,提出了一种基于可移动角点的航空和地面LiDAR数据配准方法:从航空和地面LiDAR数据中分别提取相应的建筑物角点,采用6参数模型对角点进行初始配准;以地面角点为参照,利用迭代移动方法对误差较大的航空角点进行修正;最后根据移动后的航空和地面角点计算获得点云配准关系。实验结果表明,该文方法可取得较好的点云配准效果,角点修正后能有效提升点云配准精度,适合于含有角点特征的航空和地面LiDAR数据配准。     

Spectral Filtering and Classification of Terrestrial Laser Scanner Point Clouds

A method is presented for filtering and classification of terrestrial laser scanner point clouds. The algorithm exploits the four-channel (blue, green, red and near infrared) multispectral imaging capability of some terrestrial scanners using supervised, parametric classification to assign thematic class labels to all scan cloud points. Its principal advantage is that it is a completely data-driven algorithm and is independent of spatial sampling resolution since the processing is performed in four-dimensional spectral feature space. Its application to two data-sets of different spatial extent and spatial and spectral complexity is reported, for which respective overall classification accuracies of 87·0% and 82·0% were achieved. Analysis of the input data with emphasis on the characteristics pertinent to the anticipated outcomes precedes detailed analysis of the classification results and error sources and their causes. Erroneously classified points are attributed to radiometric errors stemming from both detector hardware and physical effects.