基于地面三维激光扫描强度数据的潮滩表层含水量估算

大面积潮滩表层含水量的测定是潮滩研究中的难题,传统的测量方法难以同时满足高效和精度的要求。地面三维激光扫描技术凭借其高精度、高分辨率以及主动性强等优点,已经高效运用在潮滩地形研究中。但是,对潮滩含水量进行有效分析,仅利用点云的空间几何信息是不够的,还需要对点云的强度数据进行挖掘。地面激光扫描仪提供了包含目标表面光谱反射特性的点云强度数据,利用强度数据可以有效地进行目标表面特性提取。本文提出了一种新的长距离地面激光扫描仪强度数据改正方法,对入射角和距离效应进行有效改正。利用Riegl VZ-4000长距离地面激光扫描仪建立室内含水量模型并对上海市崇明岛一处潮滩进行测试分析,同时收集26个潮滩沉积物样品并利用传统干湿称重法进行含水量验证计算。结果表明：相比于传统技术,利用改正后的激光强度值估算大面积潮滩沉积物表层含水量是一种精确和高效的方法。改正后的激光强度值与潮滩表层含水量存在幂函数关系,相关系数为0.961,估算精度为91.94%。     

利用GRACE、GPS和绝对重力数据监测斯堪的纳维亚陆地水储量变化

重力卫星GRACE(gravity recovery and climate experiment)监测斯堪的纳维亚半岛陆地水储量变化会受到冰川均衡调整(GIA)信号的严重影响。首先根据该地区绝对重力和GPS并址观测数据计算了GIA重力和垂直位移的实测线性比值,利用该比值和GPS网观测的垂直位移速度场得到了GIA重力。然后,对GRACE观测的重力变化速率进行GIA重力改正,进而可分离陆地水储量变化趋势,避免了使用GIA模型所带来的巨大不确定性,并根据观测数据完整估计了所得结果的不确定性。最后与水文模型作对比分析。结果表明,实测的GIA重力-垂直位移线性比值为0.148±0.020μGal/mm(1Gal=10-2 m/s2),该结果检验了Wahr的理论近似值且与北美实测的结果非常接近。2003年1月至2011年3月期间,斯堪的纳维亚半岛陆地水储量存在明显的增加趋势,信号的主体位于半岛南端的维纳恩湖附近,总的水量增加速率为4.6±2.1km3/a,数据观测期间的累积增加水量为38±17km3。研究结果与WGHM水文模型的结果有较好的一致性,相关系数达到0.69,而与GLDAS水文模型的相关性略小。     

Spatial distribution and influencing factors of interprovincial terrestrial physical geographical names in China

The interprovincial terrestrial physical geographical entities are the key areas of regional integrated management. In this paper, we analyzed the spatial patterns of the interprovincial terrestrial physical geographical names (ITPGN) from three aspects: numerical features, spatial variance and spatial agglomeration. The influencing factors of the distribution of ITPGN and the implications for the regional management were further discussed. GIS technology was used to visualize the distribution of ITPGN, analyze the spatial agglomeration and the influencing factors of ITPGN. A total of 11,325 ITPGN, including 4243 water ITPGN and 7082 terrain ITPGN, were extracted from the database of “China’s Second National Survey of Geographical Names (2014-2018)”, and the mountain geographical names were the largest type in ITPGN. Hunan Province had the largest number of the names in China, and Shanghai had the smallest number of the names. The spatial variance of the terrain ITPGN was larger than that of the water ITPGN, and the ITPGN showed a significant agglomeration phenomenon in the southern part of China. In addition, the relative elevation and the population had an impact on the distribution of the ITPGN. The largest number of the geographical names occurred in the regions where the relative elevation was between 1000-2000 meters, and where the population was between 40-50 million. Based on the analysis, it was suggested that the government should take the ITPGN as management units, optimize management strategies based on the characteristics of different types of ITPGN, strengthen the naming of unnamed interprovincial terrestrial physical geographical entities and balance the interests in the controversial ITPGN. This study demonstrated that GIS and spatial analysis techniques were useful for the research of ITPGN and the results could provide targeted management suggestions to realize coordinated development in the interprovincial regions.     

利用COST-G GRACE时变模型反演黄土高原陆地水储量变化

综合利用COST-G GRACE时变重力场模型、降水、气温、GLDAS模型中地表水、实测浅层地下水和NDVI等多源数据,分析2002-04~2016-12黄土高原陆地水储量的时空变化特征,并利用偏最小二乘回归方法定性分析黄土高原陆地水储量变化的驱动因素。结果表明：1)研究时段内黄土高原陆地水储量具有上升-下降-平缓下降的变化特征,山西省陆地水储量亏损趋势明显;2) 2004~2009年采煤用水、人类生活用水和植被作用是黄土高原陆地水储量下降的重要因素,2010~2016年工业用水、人类生活用水和气温上升是黄土高原陆地水储量下降的重要因素。     

青藏高原中部岩石圈结构及地球动力学的天然地震学研究

青藏高原中部岩石圈结构及地球动力学的天然地震学研究研究生吕庆田导师管志宁（应用地球物理系北京１０００８３）青藏高原的隆升和地壳缩短被普遍认为是印度板块和欧亚板块碰撞的结果,然而对隆升和地壳缩短的机制和动力学过程仍不清楚。已提出的动力学模式可分为３类：...     

Gravitationally unstable protoplanetary discs

The possibility that protoplanetary gaseous discs are dynamically unstable to axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric gravity perturbations (e.g. those produced by spontaneous disturbances) with characteristic scales larger than the vertical scale height is discussed analytically, using a local Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approach. It is shown that such discs might be clumpy, and these gravitationally bound clumps may later collapse to become giant planets ('hot Jupiters'). The chief aim in this paper is to underscore a fact of vital importance for application in the planetary formation process: gravitationally unstable non-axisymmetric (spiral) perturbations can effectively transport both the angular momentum and the mass in a spatially inhomogeneous disc.     

The Photogrammetric Survey of a Prehistoric Site Undergoing Removal

For the construction of the new Athens International Airport, it was imperative that a hill, obstructing air traffic, be lowered by approximately 40 m. Unfortunately, a fortified prehistoric settlement was situated on top of that hill. In order to carry out this task, it was required: (a) to produce a model of the site at a scale of 1;50; and (b) to monitor and document every single stone during the dismantling of the most important parts of the site, so that its rebuilding elsewhere and at a later time would be possible.
The Laboratory of Photogrammetry, National Technical University of Athens, undertook to provide the necessary metric data. By using low altitude aerial photographs from a helicopter, a specialized tripod and terrestrial photogrammetric techniques, the following products were created, all at a scale of 1;50: contour lines and DTM of the site; digital orthophotograph of the site; graphic drawing of the development of the exterior of the surrounding wall; and graphic drawings of the upper (initial) and the lower (last) levels of the parts to be removed. In this paper, both the fieldwork and the final products are presented and evaluated.     

An improved segmentation approach for planar surfaces from unstructured 3D point clouds

The extraction of object features from massive unstructured point clouds with different local densities, especially in the presence of random noisy points, is not a trivial task even if that feature is a planar surface. Segmentation is the most important step in the feature extraction process. In practice, most segmentation approaches use geometrical information to segment the 3D point cloud. The features generally include the position of each point (X, Y and Z), locally estimated surface normals and residuals of best fitting surfaces; however, these features could be affected by noisy points and in consequence directly affect the segmentation results. Therefore, massive unstructured and noisy point clouds also lead to bad segmentation (over-segmentation, under-segmentation or no segmentation). While the RANSAC (random sample consensus) algorithm is effective in the presence of noise and outliers, it has two significant disadvantages, namely, its efficiency and the fact that the plane detected by RANSAC may not necessarily belong to the same object surface; that is, spurious surfaces may appear, especially in the case of parallel-gradual planar surfaces such as stairs. The innovative idea proposed in this paper is a modification for the RANSAC algorithm called Seq-NV-RANSAC. This algorithm checks the normal vector (NV) between the existing point clouds and the hypothesised RANSAC plane, which is created by three random points, under an intuitive threshold value. After extracting the first plane, this process is repeated sequentially (Seq) and automatically, until no planar surfaces can be extracted from the remaining points under the existing threshold value. This prevents the extraction of spurious surfaces, brings an improvement in quality to the computed attributes and increases the degree of automation of surface extraction. Thus the best fit is achieved for the real existing surfaces.     

燕山中部大地热流及岩石圈热结构特征——以承德市七家- 茅荆坝地热田为例

燕山中部地区地热资源丰富,地热地质条件较好,但该地区大地热流测量工作较少,岩石圈热结构研究尚未开展,制约了该地区的地热地质研究与资源勘探开发。本文以该地区的七家-茅荆坝地热田为典型区,结合地温测井、取样测试、数据收集与分析,初步查明燕山中部大地热流特征及浅部-深部岩层热物性特征,填补了大地热流值测量空白区,在此基础上建立了研究区热结构概念模型,估算其深部地温分布。研究得出燕山中部大地热流值变化较大,平均约57 mW/m~2,与周边温泉水温存在较好的相关关系。其中七家-茅荆坝地热田大地热流值较高,为74.9 mW/m~2。通过深部地温分布计算得出七家—茅荆坝地区居里面埋深为21.5～22.8 km,莫霍面温度约815℃,分析结果与前人研究成果较为一致,验证了本文所建立岩石圈热结构模型的准确性。