华北克拉通前寒武纪BIF铁矿研究:进展与问题

研究表明,BIF铁矿在华北克拉通的分布具有一定规律性.大规模BIF铁矿主要发育在绿岩带分布区的鞍山-本溪、冀东、霍邱-舞阳、五台、鲁西和固阳等地;华北克拉通时代最古老的BIF形成于古太古代,最年轻BIF形成于古元古代早期,但BIF铁矿的峰期为新太古代晚期(2.52 ～2.56Ga);BIF铁矿类型可划分为阿尔戈马型和苏比利尔湖型两类,但华北以晚太古代绿岩带中的阿尔戈马型为主,仅吕梁的古元古代袁家村铁矿具典型苏比利尔湖型铁矿特征.根据BIF在绿岩带序列中的产出部位和岩石组合关系,可将华北BIF划分为:1)斜长角闪岩(夹角闪斜长片麻岩)-磁铁石英岩组合;2)斜长角闪岩-黑云变粒岩-云母石英片岩-磁铁石英岩组合;3)黑云变粒岩(夹黑云石英片岩)-磁铁石英岩组合;4)黑云变粒岩-绢云绿泥片岩-黑云石英片岩-磁铁石英岩组合;5)斜长角闪岩(片麻岩)-大理岩-磁铁石英岩组合等5种类型.华北克拉通BIF形成时代与早前寒武纪岩浆活动的时间基本一致(2.5～2.6Ga),但与华北克拉通陆壳增生的峰期(2.7～2.9Ga)有一定偏差,其原因可能与新太古代晚期华北克拉通构造-热事件十分强烈有关.华北克拉通新太古代BIF大多形成于岛弧环境,但局部地区(如固阳)BIF铁矿可能形成于深部有地幔柱叠加的岛弧环境.华北克拉通BIF富矿主要有三种类型:原始沉积、受后期构造-热液叠加改造和古风化壳等,但总体不发育富铁矿,国外发育的风化壳型富铁在我国甚为少见.本文认为在探讨BIF铁矿类型时,需要从绿岩带发育序列进行综合判别.阿尔戈马型铁矿一般产于克拉通基底(绿岩带)环境,苏比利尔湖型铁矿一般形成于稳定克拉通上的海相沉积盆地或被动大陆边缘.华北克拉通BIF铁矿地球化学研究结果表明,BIF铁矿无Ce负异常且Fe同位素为正值,从而暗示铁矿沉淀的环境为低氧或缺氧环境,而铕正异常可能指示BIFs为热水沉积成因,其机制可能为海水对流循环从新生镁铁质-超镁铁质洋壳中淋滤出F(e)和Si等元素,在海底排泄沉淀成矿,而条带状构造的形成可能归咎于成矿流体的脉动式喷溢.但对于BIF铁矿的物质来源、成矿条件和机制、富铁矿成因、华北克拉通不发育苏比利尔湖型铁矿的原因等方面,仍需深入研究.     

河南窑场铁矿床成因矿物学研究及其地质意义

窑场铁矿床位于河南鲁山地区,大地构造位置属于华北陆块南缘,控矿地层为太华群铁山岭组,主要矿体共有两个,主要有辉石铁英岩和角闪石铁英岩组成,夹有少量的黑云角闪片岩、大理岩和花岗质混合岩,主要的矿石矿物为磁铁矿(30%～35%),少量赤铁矿(5%)和镜铁矿(3%)。脉石矿物有石英、角闪石、辉石、石榴子石等。围岩的组成包括黑云辉石岩、黑云角闪岩、黑云角闪片岩、黑云片岩、角闪黑云变粒岩、大理岩及少量的花岗质混合岩。矿石中的角闪石均属于镁角闪石,辉石有富铁透辉石、斜铁辉石,磁铁矿以纯磁铁矿为特征;围岩中的角闪石属于镁角闪石和纯镁闪石,辉石主要为透辉石,黑云母为镁质黑云母,伴有少量金云母,石榴子石以铁铝榴石为主,含有镁铝榴石、钙铝榴石分子。化学成分分析显示本区的变质相达角闪岩相,估算其变质的压力范围为0.36GPa～0.74GPa。与典型华北陆块前寒武纪铁矿床对比,窑场铁矿床的矿物组合、变质等级以及沉积相类型均与新太古代的条带状铁建造相似。磁铁矿高Ni、低Co的特点表明其成矿来源与深部物质有关。     

柴北缘前寒武纪岩体（地层）变质年龄及其对早古生代造山作用的指示

柴北缘前寒武纪岩体（地层）分布广泛。为确定柴北缘地区前寒武纪岩体（地层）受早古生代碰撞造山作用的影响,采用LA—ICP—MS技术．对大柴旦地区前寒武纪黑云斜长片麻岩、斜长角闪岩及石榴子石斜长角闪岩中的锆石进行了u—Pb同位素定年。黑云斜长片麻岩获得479-472Ma的变质年龄,斜长角闪岩获得440Ma和470Ma2个变质年龄,石榴子石斜长角闪岩获得418．8Ma±3．0Ma的变质年龄。初步确定,柴北缘早古生代造山作用对前寒武纪岩体构成了3次强度不等的变质作用叠加,分别为大洋俯7中末期阶段（495-467Ma）岛弧花岗岩弱热烘烤变质作用、大陆碰撞造山阶段（467-423Ma）区域变质作用、S型花岗岩热动力变质作用和大陆后碰撞造山阶段（423-371Ma）I型花岗岩强烈接触热变质作用。     

末前寒武系年代地层研究:问题,进展与建议

在讨论当前全球末前寒武系和中国震旦系年代地层划分中存在问题的基础上 ,根据三峡地区震旦纪和寒武纪生物地层学、层序地层学和年代地层学的综合研究 ,作者认为 :( 1 )中国传统的震旦系底界和后来建立的陡山沱阶和灯影峡阶的底界是不合适的 ,前者位于不整合面上 ,而后二者的底界分别位于相对动荡的低位域的开始和由海退所形成的高位域的开始 ,不仅横向变化大 ,而且很难保存和发现可供对比的生物和化学标志。 ( 2 )建议将中国震旦系的底界上移到陡山沱组第 2段近底部 ,即靠近陡山沱组第 2段黑色页岩与第 1段灰白色白云岩之间的界线 ,以出现分异度高、个体较大、构造复杂的疑源类为标志 ,该界面与南沱冰期后所形成的海侵生物面基本一致 ;同时主张将原灯影峡阶的底界要么下移到陡山沱组第 4段产庙河生物群的黑色页岩底部 ,要么上移到灯影组产文德生物群的石板滩段黑色页岩夹炭质灰岩底部 ,因为这两个界面分别与南沱冰期后形成的层序 2和层序 3的最大海泛面基本一致。 ( 3)根据同位素年代学研究 ,指出陡山沱组第 4段 ,即庙河生物群的 Rb-Sr等时线年龄为 ( 6 85± 9) Ma,而水井沱组底部含三叶虫的黑色页岩的 Rb-Sr等时线年龄为 ( 5 30± 8) Ma     

气象电视会商会议系统的使用和维护

本文介绍省台———国家气象中心的电视会议系统的构成原理,总结省台与国家气象中心电视会商系统使用维护过程中的经验,对系统的使用和正在进行安装调试的“省—市—县”电视会商系统的使用提供借鉴。     

蓟县中、新元古界的成岩作用——源于矿物学的数据

本文运用系列黏土矿物学和碳酸盐结构占位的方法研究了蓟县中、新元古界剖面出露的碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩。这些方法包括了伊利石结晶度、绿泥石结晶度、黏土矿物组合、粒度分布、多型、有序度、Mg/Ca离子占位以及地质温压计。结果表明:伊利石结晶度Kübler指数范围为0.37°～1.37°Δ2θ,绿泥石结晶度árkai指数范围为0.31°～2.40°Δ2θ,以及1M_d的多型,一致指示本区处于晚期成岩作用影响范围,仅非常有限局部达到了初始变质的状态;黏土矿物组合主要是伊利石、伊蒙混层、绿蒙混层和高岭石;粒度分布范围为8～24 nm,其上界(23～24 nm)达到了NEWMOD计算的理论成岩带/近变质带界限,与结晶度数据一致,也表明了本区处于晚期成岩阶段。白云石有序度的数据表明,本区碳酸盐岩白云石的有序度值范围为0.19～0.99,可分为4个带:甚低级有序带、低级有序带、中级有序带、高级有序带。与川东石炭-二叠系碳酸盐岩相比,中低级有序带有一定的油气前景。本区由西向东,由甚低级有序带变化到高级有序带,白云石有序度升高。估计的成岩作用温度为183～200±20℃,压力为330 MPa,...     

P–T–X relationships in the Precambrian Al–Mg-rich granulites from In Ouzzal, Hoggar, Algeria

The Al–Mg-rich granulites from the In Ouzzal craton, Algeria, show a great diversity of mineral reactions which correspond to continuous equilibria as predicted by phase relationships in the FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ system. The sequence of mineral reactions can be subdivided into three distinct stages: (1) a high-P stage characterized by the growth of coarse mineral assemblages involving sapphirine and the disappearance of early corundum and spinel-bearing assemblages; (2) a high-T stage characterized by the development of Sa–Qz-bearing assemblages; and (3) a later stage, in which garnet-bearing assemblages are replaced by more or less fine symplectites involving cordierite. During the course of early mineral reactions, the distribution coefficient, K_d, between the various ferromagnesian phases decreased significantly whereas Al₂O₃ in pyroxene increased concomitantly. These observations, when combined with topological constraints, clearly indicate that the high-P stage 1 was accompanied by a significant rise in temperature (estimated at 150 ± 50° C) under near isobaric conditions, in agreement with the reaction textures. By stage 2, pressure and temperature were extreme as evidenced by the low K_d value between orthopyroxene and garnet (K_d= 2.06–1.99), the high alumina content in pyroxene (up to 11.8%) and the high magnesium content in garnet [100 Mg/(Mg + Fe) = 60.6]. Mineral thermometry based on Fe–Mg exchange between garnet and pyroxene and on Al-solubility in pyroxene gives temperatures close to 970 ± 70° C at 10 ± 1.5 kbar. These results are in agreement with the development of Sa–Qz assemblages on a local scale. Late mineral reactions have been produced during a decompression stage from about 9 to 6 kbar. Except for local re-equilibration of Mg and Fe at grain boundaries, there is no evidence for further reactions below 700° C. We interpreted the whole set of mineral reactions as due to changes in pressure and temperature during a tectonic episode located at c. 2 Ga. Because of the lack of evidence for further uplift after the thermal relaxation which occurred at c. 6 kbar, it is possible however that the exhumation of this granulitic terrane occurred in a later tectonic event unrelated to its formation.     

典型北斗低成本导航型与测量型终端定位性能初步对比分析

基于不同类型北斗终端的共天线零基线实测数据,从伪距标准单点定位、单频伪距相对定位以及单历元单频载波相位相对定位等方面,比较一款典型低成本导航型北斗终端与一款典型高性能测量型北斗终端的定位性能差异。结果表明,导航型北斗终端相比于测量型终端,其伪距单点定位和伪距相对定位的精度稍差,但载波相位相对定位精度差距十分明显,无法实现cm级的定位。     

Highly heterogeneous Precambrian basement under the central Deccan Traps, India: Direct evidence from xenoliths in dykes

Crustal or mantle xenoliths are not common in evolved, tholeiitic flood basalts that cover huge areas of the Precambrian shields. Yet, the occasional occurrences provide the most direct and unequivocal evidence on basement composition. Few xenolith occurrences are known from the Deccan Traps, India, and inferences about the Deccan basement have necessarily depended on geophysical studies and geochemistry of Deccan lavas and intrusions. Here, we report two basalt dykes (Rajmane and Talwade dykes) from the central Deccan Traps that are extremely rich in crustal xenoliths of great lithological variety (gneisses, quartzites, granite mylonite, felsic granulite, carbonate rock, tuff). Because the dykes are parallel and only 4 km apart, and only a few kilometres long, the xenoliths provide clear evidence for high small-scale lithological heterogeneity and strong tectonic deformation in the Precambrian Indian crust beneath. Measured ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios in the xenoliths range from 0.70935 (carbonate) to 0.78479 (granite mylonite). The Rajmane dyke sampled away from any of the xenoliths shows a present-day ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of 0.70465 and initial (at 66 Ma) ratio of 0.70445. The dyke is subalkalic and fairly evolved (Mg No. = 44.1) and broadly similar in its Sr-isotopic and elemental composition to some of the lavas of the Mahabaleshwar Formation. The xenoliths are comparable lithologically and geochemically to basement rocks from the Archaean Dharwar craton forming much of southern India. As several lines of evidence suggest, the Dharwar craton may extend at least 350–400 km north under the Deccan lava cover. This is significant for Precambrian crustal evolution of India besides continental reconstructions.     

Sedimentology and architecture of the Douglas Creek terminal splay,Lake Eyre,central Australia

Douglas Creek terminal splay, sited on the western shoreline of Lake Eyre North, central Australia, covers a surface area of approximately 4 km² with a down‐system length of 2·5 km from the distributary channels terminus to the splay fringe. Two distributary channels feed two sediment lobes which have amalgamated to form the terminal splay. Three primary facies associations have been identified sub‐dividing the creek terminus into distributary channel, proximal and distal splay sections. Proximal splay sediments are characterized by erosionally based, relatively thick (> 100 mm), stacked sheets of coarse to medium sand which commonly display trough and planar cross‐bedding, whereas the distal splay is characterized by thin (generally < 50 mm) massive beds of very fine sand, silt and clay. The change in splay sedimentology is interpreted as reflecting the transition from bedload‐dominated deposition to suspended load‐dominated deposition from decelerating sheetfloods as they spread out from the channel onto the dry lake bed. A proximal to distal splay transition zone is also noted where deposits of both facies associations interfinger laterally and vertically. In scale, geometry and facies associations, the Douglas Creek terminal splay is very different to the often cited Neales terminal splay complex located 70 km to the north. It is suggested that these architectural differences reflect variations in discharge volume, input sediment distribution and the degree of vegetation cover. Understanding the variation in terminal splay architecture has very significant implications for the modelling of analogous subsurface petroleum systems, which at present relies on few modern‐day analogues.