Uplift‐restraining Friction Pendulum seismic isolation system

This paper extends the scope of seismic isolation by introducing an innovative uplift‐restraining Friction Pendulum system. Termed the XY‐FP isolator, the new isolation device consists of two orthogonal opposing concave beams interconnected through a sliding mechanism that permits tension to develop in the bearing, thereby preventing uplift. Owing to its distinct configuration, the XY‐FP isolator possesses unique properties for a seismic isolator, including uplift restraint, decoupling of the bi‐directional motion along two orthogonal directions, and capability of providing independent stiffness and energy dissipation along the principal horizontal directions of the bearing. The study concentrates on introducing the concept and establishing the underlying principles of operation of the new XY‐FP isolator, formulating the mathematical model for the XY‐FP isolator, and presenting its mechanical behaviour through a displacement‐control testing program on a single XY‐FP isolator. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

改进型焦利氏秤与传统实验对比研究

针对高校教材《普通物理实验》中液体表面张力系数的测定实验存在的一些问题,进行了认真分析,指出传统实验前后所测量的一些物理量不是等精度测量,因而有必要对实验原理和公式进行修正。改进型焦利氏秤,在载物台下装有测量机构,实验测量方法有所改变,实验思路更加明确,并经实验比对,使用改进型焦利氏秤做此实验,不仅操作和计算简便,而且所得结果更接近公论值,取得了良好的效果。     

Relationships between volcanic patterns and neotectonics in Eastern Anatolia from analysis of satellite images and DEM

The late Neogene to Quaternary volcanism in Eastern Anatolia is related to the Arabia–Eurasia convergence but a clear deformation pattern has not yet been established in this region. We have used the distribution and shape of volcanoes and fault geometry as indicators of the tectonic regime. Volcanic edifices and related faults were analyzed in vertical view using SAR–ERS, Spot images and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM). In several places, adjacent volcanoes that form linear clusters or elongated volcanoes are clearly rooted on vertical tension fractures. These are compatible with horizontal σ₃ striking 90°N, associated with σ₁ horizontal (strike-slip regime) or vertical (extensional regime). We mapped the recent faults that are directly associated to volcanoes. Volcanic vents are related to tail-crack, horsetail or releasing bend structures. In this work, it has been possible to define the ESE-striking, 270-km-long Tutak–Hamur–Çaldiran fault that forms a releasing bend testifying to right-lateral motion. Extension is well documented for few places but no recent fold has been observed. Since 8 Ma, the tectonic system is principally strike-slip. Most of the tension fractures being 2 to 10 km in length, so we infer that they affect only part of the crust. Most strike-slip fault zones are of several tens to a few hundred kilometers long and thus not of lithospheric scale. Therefore, the channels used by the magma to reach the surface are crustal structures.     

关于厄尔尼诺成因的新认识

据前人统计,厄尔尼诺出现于地球自转速度急剧变慢的第二年。造成这种现象的主因,是地球间歇性不对称膨胀,引起自转速度几年一次的准周期性急剧变慢。在该时期南北半球岩石圈产生强烈的离开赤道的体力,使赤道地区发生东西向张性断裂活动。位于阻力较小的软流层之上的太平洋岩石圈,不仅规模大、动力强,而且存在着东太平洋海隆薄弱带,并与秘鲁海沟应变空间毗邻,故现今太平洋东部赤道地区的东西向张性断裂最为发育,形成规模宏大的卡内基断裂带和加拉帕戈斯断裂带。它们活动促使海底的岩浆和热水喷溢,导致厄尔尼诺的海水升温多从秘鲁－厄尔多尔沿岸开始。地球自转速度变慢过程中,赤道地区的大气和海水获得较多的向东角动量,造成该地区的信风和向西流动洋流减弱、东太平洋冷水上翻涌升流衰缓,加速赤道东太平流海域温度变暖,助长厄尔尼诺的形成。全球大气角动量的季节性变化,也引起地球自转速度冬季慢夏季快的周年项变化,使厄尔尼诺年增温盛期一般出现于年末前后。     

关于计算机自动绘制光滑曲线的数学方法的探索

在计算机绘制地图光滑曲线的方法中,线形插值法计算简单,失真率较大。正轴抛物线平均加权法在一些特殊情况下曲线会偏离节点。斜轴抛物线平均加权法可以获得比较满意的结果,但计算复杂,不利于在微机上运用。本文介绍的张力样条函数插值法,方法严密,计算亦不复杂,对小型的制图系统比较适用。其显著特点是具有一个张力系数σ,当σ→０时,张力样条函数就等同于三次样条函数;当σ→∞时,则退化为分段线形函数。因此,可以选择合适的σ,使得节点间的曲线为最短,既能消除可能出现的多余拐点,又能保持曲线的光滑性。     

基于环境振动的斜拉桥拉索基频识别

斜拉索是现代斜拉桥最重要的结构构件，索力在斜拉桥的施工控制和长期监测中起着重要作用。振动测试法是斜拉桥索力测定、监测和状态评估中应用最广泛的一种方法。振动法测索力的关键在于准确地识别出索的基频。本文使用自功率谱和倒频谱方法，基于MATLAB平台，开发出了斜拉桥拉索环境振动模态分析图形用户交互(GUI)工具箱，实现了斜拉索基频的快速自动识别。应用本文的方法，对福州青洲闽江主跨605m斜拉桥拉索的环境振动实测加速度数据进行了分析处理，斜拉索基频识别方便直观，结果可靠。     

基于梯度塑性理论的岩样拉压剪破坏统一失稳判据

提出了单轴拉伸,直剪及单轴压缩剪切破坏失稳判据的统一形式。首先对de Borst R及Muhlhaus H B关于单轴拉伸试件梯度塑性理论解析解方面的开创性工作进行了回顾、评论,并指出了他们工作的缺憾。受de Borst R等工作的启发,对直接剪切试件进行了分析,得到了快速回跳条件。并发现:岩样的快速回跳条件就是系统(由剪切带及带外弹性岩石构成)的失稳判据。又对单轴压缩岩样剪切破坏进行了分析,得到了其失稳判据。通过对单轴拉伸失稳判据、直接剪切失稳判据及单轴压缩剪切破坏失稳判据的类比,得到了失稳判据的统一形式。统一失稳判据表明:岩石材料的局部化带宽度及压缩或剪切弹性模量越小,软化模量及等效试件高度越大,试件越容易发生失稳破坏。     

Surface tension and friction coefficients in shallow,laminar overland flows through organic litter

This study investigates the contribution of surface tension forces to friction coefficients in shallow, laminar interrill flows. Friction coefficients in these flows are known to be increased greatly by organic litter and by stems. Fine litter provides extensive edges along which surface tension menisci can be drawn up, and evaluating the significance of this in the frictional retardation of flow was the primary objective of the experiments reported here. Using both standardized ‘litter particles’ (small wooden blocks of fixed dimensions) and natural plant litter, meniscus behaviour and the Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficient were evaluated in shallow flows on a laboratory sand board. For some tests, the surface tension of ordinary water was reduced by 40 per cent by the addition of a surfactant, and the friction coefficient redetermined. Results show that the presence of surface tension menisci flanking litter particles provides areas of deeper flow that are up to 7 mm in width and which can increase flow depths by 100–300 per cent. These zones support significantly higher flow speeds. Increased water depths within menisci are additionally associated with reduced depths beyond the menisci, so that an increase in the spatial variability of flow depths is a second consequence of meniscus formation. These modifications of flow depth by surface tension menisci are shown to reduce rather than increase the overall friction coefficient applicable to the flow. Consequently, additional frictional retardation does not arise within the menisci flanking litter particles and so cannot account for the greater drag arising from litter than from other surface features. Different factors, possibly the direct obstruction of flow paths, must therefore underlie the frictional drag. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The stability of tension stars

By studying the cylindrically symmetric solution for matter in 2+1 space-time dimensions we arrive at stability criteria for such a configuration when the local energy density is proportional to the square of the tension (negative pressure). Our analysis demonstrates that to the post-Newtonian approximation that such a configuration is stable provided it does not shrink below a certain radius. We find our model provides a reason for how stars form from a two-dimensional configuration with both a maximum mass and a minimum radius.     

铁岭SS-Y伸缩仪加速拉张的短期变化

铁岭地震台SS-Y型伸缩仪2018年6月起出现NS分量的持续拉张和EW分量的小幅压性变化,经初步分析,发现仪器工作状态良好,并排除各类干扰因素。采用三点线性平滑滤波,对NS、EW分量进行趋势项、周期项提取处理,发现自2018年6月起,NS分量趋势性拉张且年变增加,EW分量趋势性压缩且年变减小,与以往相比,趋势和年变周期变化特征差异性较大,结合同一山洞的水管倾斜仪和垂直摆倾斜仪同时段产生同步转折变化及历史震例,分析认为,铁岭SS-Y型洞体应变NS分量变化为震前异常的可能性较大,后续应跟踪分析该异常的趋势性走向变化。