Palaeoclimatic studies in South Shetland Islands,Antarctica, based on numerous stratigraphic variables in lake sediments

The hitherto longest found lake sediment sequence on Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, was analysed with respect to lithology, chronology, diatoms, Pediastrum, pollen and spores, mosses, mineralogy, and sediment chemistry. During the ca. 5000 year long development the sediments were influenced by frequent tephra fall-outs. This volcanic impact played a major role in the lake's history during two periods, 4700–4600 and 2800–2500 BP, but was of importance during the lake's entire history with considerable influence on many of the palaeoenvironmentally significant indicators. The large and complex data set was analysed and zonated with different types of multivariate analysis. This resulted in a subdivision of the sequence into 8 time periods and 21 variables. Redundancy analysis (RDA) of this data set, both without and with the tephra periods, and with 4–6 of the variables as explanatory environmental variables, reveal that climatic/environmental signals are detectable. The palaeoclimatic picture that emerged out of the tephra noise suggests that the first 100 years were characterized by mild, humid conditions. This was followed by a less mild and humid climate until ca. 4000 BP when a gradual warming seems to have started, coupled with increased humidity. These mild and humid conditions seem to have reached an optimum slightly after 3000 BP. At ca. 2500 BP a distinct climatic deterioration occurred with colder and drier conditions and long seasons with ice cover. This arid, cold phase probably reached its optimum conditions at ca. 1500 BP, when slightly warmer conditions might have prevailed for a while. Except for the modern sample with rather mild climate, the last 1400 years seem to have been fairly arid and cold, and the effects of the frequent volcanic activity during this period is only vaguely seen in the records.     

中太平洋WX海山富钴结壳磷酸盐矿物学研究及成因类型分析

大洋富钴结壳普遍发生磷酸盐化,磷酸盐化对富钴结壳的各种属性存在显著影响,而磷酸盐的成因问题一直没有得到很好解决。中太平洋WX海山富钴结壳老壳层中发育着两期磷酸盐化事件所产生的上下两层磷酸盐,本文运用反光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、电子探针、微量粉晶X衍射等手段分别对其进行了矿物学特征观察和测试,研究了老壳层上下两层磷酸盐特征并探讨其可能成因。上层磷酸盐由大量形态结构清楚的磷酸质有孔虫和超微化石以及非生物碳氟磷灰石(CFA)组成,成分均一,杂质少,表现出生物成因和原生自沉积特点;下层磷酸盐变化复杂,具有特征的交代结构,混杂较高的Si、Al、K、Fe成分,显示以磷酸盐交代碳酸盐成因为主。这表明不同磷酸盐化期形成的磷酸盐有不同的成因类型。     

贵州烂泥沟金矿床中辉锑矿的构造成因矿物学初析

本文通过对贵州烂泥微细浸染型金矿床中辉锑矿显微形貌和超微结构观察，发现辉矿晶体中出现显微波纹扭裂纹，沿扭裂纹部位被辰砂充填交代和辉锑矿晶体中存在大量变形双晶、层错、位错壁、亚晶粒等变形超微结构，从而为成矿过程中锑、汞矿化之间这段区间发生构造应力作用了微观的成因信息。     

X射线衍射-扫描电镜等技术研究秘鲁铜硫矿石选矿工艺矿物学特征

秘鲁铜硫矿石的主要回收对象是铜和硫矿物,由于铜矿物嵌布复杂、粒度过细以及与各种脉石矿物或金属矿物交生关系紧密,利用传统工艺矿物学研究方法如化学分析、光学显微镜检测等较难准确定量其工艺矿物学参数。本文采用化学分析、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、偏光显微镜及矿物参数自动分析系统(MLA)等技术手段,研究秘鲁铜硫矿石的化学成分、矿物组成和主要矿物的嵌布特征、粒度分布及单体解离特性等,并对影响选矿指标的主要矿物学因素进行分析。结果表明:矿石中主要元素为Cu(0.65%)和S(9.53%)。矿石中黄铁矿(16.57%)含量较高,形态较为规则,与其他矿物之间的交生关系相对简单,粒度普遍偏粗,其中粒径大于0.30mm的黄铁矿占95.06%。铜矿物主要以不规则粒状、皮壳状、网脉状、纤维状、尘粒状、斑点状分布于脉石中或与黄铁矿、闪锌矿、磁铁矿等金属矿物交生紧密,粒度极不均匀,使得铜矿物解离难度加大,且矿石中云母(12.51%)、绿泥石(3.74%)、滑石(3.34%)、高岭石、蒙脱石(3.59%)等黏土质矿物含量较高,在磨矿过程中易发生泥化从而恶化分选环境。根据该类型矿石的工艺矿物学特性,本文建议采用"粗磨-部分优先浮铜-铜硫混浮-混合精矿再磨再选分离"的工艺流程,可得到质量高的铜、硫精矿。     

黄铁矿的微量元素及热电性和晶体形态分析

金矿床中黄铁矿的微量元素、热电性、晶体形态等标形特征与其形成的物理化学环境及介质条件密切相关。该标型特征在判别不同矿化类型、揭露金矿床空间的变化规律、评价矿体和预测深部矿体等方面都具有一定的代表性和典型性。同时 ,黄铁矿微量元素的分析方法具有易于采样、易于分析、经济有效、方便实用的特点 ,是金矿找矿矿物学研究及应用中行之有效的方法。     

Estimating population parameters in an ‘open’ fish population

A model for an ‘open’ fish population is described. Basically an expansion of the classical catch equation, it includes a ‘population change’ coefficient to allow for changes in population size induced by causes other than fishing. The model relates this coefficient to catch, fishing effort, initial population size, and catchability coefficient. With observed catch and fishing effort data incorporated, the remaining parameters are estimated by minimising sums of squares. This estimation process is applied to data from both real and simulated fisheries, and is shown to be effective if the basic assumptions of the model are met. If this is not so considerable errors occur, and these are investigated with respect to the examples.     

碱性玄武岩中幔源岩石包体内尖晶石成分特征及其岩石学成因意义

通过对我国东部北起黑龙江省南至海南省３１个产地的新生代碱性玄武岩中橄榄岩类 （纯橄岩、方辉橄榄岩及二辉橄榄岩） 包体和辉石岩类包体中的１６０ 多个尖晶石电子探针分析数据, 论述了尖晶石的Ｃｒ－Ａｌ, Ｆｅ－Ｍｇ, Ｎｉ－Ｍｇ 主元素及有关比值和端员组分之间的关系, 分析研究了不同岩类包体中尖晶石的颜色、成分及成因之间的联系。并利用所分析的有关橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石共生矿物的电子探针分析数据, 采用新的、较合理的Ｂｒｅｙ－Ｋｏｈｌｅｒ温度计及Ｋｏｈｌｅｒ－Ｂｒｅｙ 压力计和Ｂａｌｌｈａｕｓ ｅｔａｌ． 氧逸度计算方法进行了计算, 探讨了尖晶石成分与其形成温度、压力和氧逸度状态的关系, 指出了尖晶石成分所反映的地幔亏损程度及部分熔融程度的变化规律及尖晶石 （相） 稳定的温度、压力和氧逸度范围。     

Hydrologic and climatic implications of a multidisciplinary study of late Holocene sediment from Kenosee Lake, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

Sediment lithology and mineralogy, as well as ostracode, plant macrofossil and stable isotope stratigraphies of lake sediment cores, are used to reconstruct late Holocene hydrologic changes at Kenosee Lake, a relatively large, hyposaline lake in southeastern Saskatchewan. Chronological control is provided by AMS radiocarbon ages of upland and shoreline plant macrofossils. All indicators outline an early, low-water, saline phase of lake history (4100–3000 BP), when the basin was occupied by a series of small, interconnected, sulfate-rich brine pools, as opposed to the single, topographically-closed lake that exists today. A rapid rise in lake-level (3000–2300 BP) led to the establishment of carbonate-rich, hyposaline lake conditions like those today. Lithostratigraphic data and ostracode assemblages indicate peak salinities were attained early in this period of lake infilling, suggesting that the lake-level rise was initially driven by an influx of saline groundwater. Lake-level and water chemistry have remained relatively stable over the last 2000 years, compared to earlier events. Because of a lack of datable organic material in sediments deposited during the last 2000 years, the chronology of recent events is not well resolved. Plant macrofossil, lithostratigraphic and ostracode evidence suggests that lake draw-down, accompanied by slightly higher than present salinites, occurred sometime prior to 600 BP, followed by peak lake-level and freshwater conditions. This most recent high lake stand, indicative of a high water table on the surrounding upland, may also have led to the establishment of an extensive cover of Betula in the watershed, possibly in response to paludification. Ostracode assemblages indicate that peak freshwater conditions occurred within the last 100 years. Since historically documented lake-level fluctuations correlate with decadal scale climatic fluctuations in the meteorological record, and late-Holocene hydrologic dynamics correspond to well documented climatic excursions of the Neoglacial and Little Ice Age, Kenosee Lake dynamics offer insight into the susceptibility of the region's water resources to climate change.     

雷州半岛英峰岭剖面多期红土矿物学特征初步研究

雷州半岛英峰岭剖面多期红土矿物学特征初步研究＊文国高文启忠朱照宇徐义芳（中国科学院广州地球化学研究所，广州５１０６４０）关键词多期红土矿物学红土化雷州半岛我国南方热带－亚热带广泛发育的红土（包括红色风化壳和红色古土壤），记录了形成过程环境变迁的重要信...     

新疆西准噶尔地区两类蛇绿岩中橄榄岩的矿物学研究

两类蛇绿岩中变质橄榄岩的矿物表现出的共同特征是:从二辉橄榄岩→斜辉橄榄岩→斜辉辉橄岩→纯橄岩→铬铁矿石,其橄榄石、斜方辉石和单斜辉石的Mg/(Mg+Fe)(矿物牌号)依次升高,表现出富Mg贫Fe的演化趋势;铬尖晶石的Cr/(Cr+Al)亦同时升高,表现为富Cr贫Al的演化特征。 变质橄榄岩中的矿物均是原始上地幔岩部分熔融的残余物。在部分熔融过程中,橄榄石与铬尖晶石是生成相矿物,而斜方与单斜辉石则是消失相矿物,正是通过两种辉石的不断消失,岩石才从二辉橄榄岩依次转化为纯橄岩,并造成纯橄岩与铬铁矿的紧密伴生。在此过程中,矿物成分时刻都在变化,造岩矿物向富Mg贫Fe,金属矿物向富Cr贫Al方向调整,这与实际测定结果是一致的。