克隆植物准噶尔无叶豆的种群生物量结构及回归模型

根据根茎型克隆植物的特征,建立准噶尔无叶豆各构件单元生物量的模型。结果表明,准噶尔无叶豆的根茎生物量、根生物量、枝生物量和果实生物量分别是6.33、39.72、27.93 g·m^-2和3.47 g·m^-2。地上生物量所占比例为40.55%,小于地下生物量所占的比例59.45%。植株本身的高（H）、高与冠幅（C）的乘积（CH）与各部分生物量间的相关性很高;但C与各部分生物量间的相关性相对较低。在分析H、CH与各生物量相互关系的各种数学模型中,大多数模型有显著的相关性,选择其中相关显著性和R2值最高的模型,建立它们之间的相互关系模型。使用植株的CH所建立起来的线性数学模型对生物量的预测较好,为估算荒漠克隆灌木植物的生物量,提供个例物种的示范。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘头状沙拐枣幼苗生长和生物量分配对不同灌溉量的响应

水是荒漠生态系统中首要限制因子。由于水分限制程度不同,植物幼苗在生长过程中表现出不同的适应策略。在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘的沙漠-绿洲过渡带,设计了0 mm（处理A）、100 mm（处理B）、200 mm（处理C）3种不同的灌溉量,对头状沙拐枣幼苗生长和生物量分配展开实验性研究。结果表明:①处理A比处理B和处理C地下生物量均有所增加;不同灌溉条件下,头状沙拐枣幼苗的根冠比均小于1,随灌溉量的减少头状沙拐枣幼苗的根冠比从0.19增加到0.32;即头状沙拐枣通过改变根系生物量分配适应水分条件变化。②随灌溉量的减少, 头状沙拐枣幼苗主根垂直深度和水平根幅均呈增加趋势。处理A时,头状沙拐枣幼苗根系深度达180 cm以上,处理B和C的根系深度均低于160 cm,表明头状沙拐枣幼苗通过根系的伸长生长来适应水分减少。③在生长过程中,头状沙拐枣通过老同化枝枯落适应土壤水分减少。④株高和冠幅随着灌溉量增加呈先增加后减小趋势,基径随着灌溉量的增加而增加,地上生长指标在不同处理间均无显著差异。     

Growth response of three globose cacti to radiation and soil moisture: An experimental test of the mechanism behind the nurse effect

Cactus seedlings often establish under nurse plants which modify environmental conditions by increasing moisture and decreasing solar radiation, which may cause beneficial and detrimental effects, respectively, on seedling growth. Three soil moisture treatments (5%, 25% and 60%) and two solar radiation levels (100% exposure=243 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, and 40%=102 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) were used in a factorial design to analyze seedling growth response of three rare cactus species (Mammillaria pectinifera, Obregonia denegrii and Coryphantha werdermannii). The variables evaluated were relative growth rate (RGR), root/shoot ratio (R/S), and K (RGR_roots/RGR_shoot), obtained from an initial seedling harvest (6-month-old seedlings) and a final harvest 6 months after treatment application. All three species had slow RGRs (0.002–0.012 g g⁻¹ day⁻¹). O. denegrii had the lowest RGR values, but was the only species for which R/S and K varied with soil moisture. While all seedlings responded markedly to soil moisture, no response was observed to radiation treatments. The latter might have been related to the relatively low solar radiation levels present in the greenhouse. Yet, our results suggest that the main benefit nurse plants offer to seedlings is the increase in soil moisture.     

基于任务驱动的战场环境分析数据映射模型设计与实现

针对传统战场环境分析模型缺乏将军事特征同用户认知与任务需求相结合的服务问题,构建了一种基于任务驱动的战场环境分析模型数据自动映射与匹配方法。通过分析作战任务的特点,建立任务形式化描述规范,构造了基于xml的基本战斗任务的需求描述模板,以战场环境分析模型为基础获取作战任务对环境数据需求的要素,建立了基于规则的战场环境分析数据映射模型,完成从任务需求到环境数据自动匹配的过程。最后通过基于该模型的战场环境分析系统数据服务平台应用,任务模板与战场环境分析数据自动映射方法得到了有效的解析,并通过工作流模式构建了可视化的数据推送,可为战场环境分析按需服务提供理论参考与方法借鉴。     

基于空间填充曲线排列码划分的并行缓冲区算法

缓冲区计算是地理信息系统空间分析的基本功能之一。在矢量缓冲区研究方面,以往大多聚焦缓冲区生成算法,这些优化方法在单机计算环境中针对大规模空间数量数据的计算效率提升是有限的,因而需要并行环境下的改进方法来进一步破解计算瓶颈。本文基于Map Reduce计算模型和分布式内存计算框架,提出了一种基于空间填充曲线排列码划分的并行缓冲区分析算法(SPBM),基于空间填充曲线编码进行数据排序和范围划分,对跨越网格的数据采用近似切分方法,在考虑负载均衡的前提下对任务并行分解,之后按照给定深度的"树状"方式进行结果合并。本文在单机和集群两种环境下利用实际道路网等数据进行了实验。同等环境下,相较于目前流行的GIS软件——QGIS和Post GIS计算性能提升明显,相较于现有其他并行优化方法效率提升超过50%。这样的优化分析方法对于GIS中其他矢量分析算法的并行算法也具有一定的借鉴意义。     

多智能体区域土地利用优化配置模型及其应用

土地利用优化配置对促进区域可持续土地利用具有重要意义,然而现有的土地利用优化配置模型引导可持续土地利用的能力有待提高。本文从整体考量区域土地利用优化配置数量、空间、时间三维特征的角度,定义了区域土地利用优化配置多智能体系统及其决策行为规则,构建了基于多智能体系统的区域土地利用优化配置RLUOA (Regional Land Use OptimizationAllocation) 模型,并以中部地区典型城市--长沙市为例开展了实证应用研究。研究结果表明：该模型能够将规划时间段内多目标约束的区域土地利用规模的数量结构合理配置到不同的空间单元,实现土地利用数量结构、空间布局、效益的协同优化,构建整体上经济可行、社会可接受、生态环境友好的土地利用格局,并明显提高区域整体土地利用经济、生态和社会效益,从而能够为促进区域土地资源可持续利用和制定土地利用总体规划提供参考借鉴。     

Modelling urban expansion using a multi agentbased model in the city of Changsha

Although traditional urban expansion simulation models can simulate dynamic features, these models fail to address complex changes produced by different agents' behaviors. The paper has built up a set of spatial-temporal land resource allocation rules and developed a dynamic urban expansion model based on a multi-agent system, which can simulate the interaction among different agents, such as residents, peasants, and governments. This model is applied to simulate urban expansion process taking Changsha City, in China as a study area. The results show that this model can not only reflect basic characteristics of urban expansion, but also help explain the reasons for urban expansion process and understand the effect of agents' behavior on the expansion process, and provide insights into the causing factors behind the expansion. In addition, in contrast to simulation results with land use classification map from remote sensing images, the precision of the simulation reached over 68% with higher precision than cellular automata model according to the cell-by-cell comparison. The results suggest that the model can help to provide land use decision making support to government and urban planners.     

城中村流动人口的时间利用以及生活 活动时空间结构 ——对北京5个城中村的调查

基于北京5个城中村的问卷调查,从个体行为的角度系统研究了城中村流动人口日常生活活动的时间利用特征以及时空间结构。研究发现:工作日中工作活动是支配活动,对其他活动时间起到制约作用,休息日娱乐时间占据主导地位,男女在时间分配特征上体现出较大不同;城中村流动人口工作日和休息日活动的时空间结构在性别上表现出明显的一致性;在时间上,休息日大部分活动集中在自家;家中娱乐活动出现较强晚间高峰;在性别上,男性比女性外出娱乐活动多,出行距离更远,女性家务活动多于男性。人群个体日常活动的规律性可以为掌握城市人群生活空间结构、制定城市规划等提供重要参考。     

黄河口滨岸潮滩不同生境下翅碱蓬氮的累积与分配特征

2008年5～11月,采用定位研究方法对黄河口滨岸潮滩不同生境下翅碱蓬(Suaedasalsa)氮的累积与分配特征进行了研究。结果表明,中潮滩翅碱蓬(JP1)和低潮滩翅碱蓬(JP2)不同器官生物量均具有明显季节变化特征,总体表现为JP1高于JP2,二者枯落物量均呈递增变化;JP1、JP2根、茎和枯落物的全氮(TN)含量在生长季均呈递减变化,符合指数衰减模型,而叶的总氮(TN)含量波动变化明显;二者不同器官及枯落物的氮累积量和累积速率(VN)季节变化明显,JP1地上部分的氮累积量和VN一般明显高于JP2,且二者地上部分氮累积量和VN均明显高于地下;JP1、JP2不同部分的氮分配比差异明显,其中叶的分配比最高,分别为(46.91±16.97)%和(55.21±9.79)%,说明叶是翅碱蓬重要的氮累积器官;二者氮的年吸收量和最大现存量分别为5.29g/m2、2.63g/m2和13.76g/m2、3.19g/m2;二者氮的吸收系数(0.0145和0.0065)均较低,而利用系数表现为JP2(0.8243)>JP1(0.3844),JP1在氮的吸收方面要强于JP2,而在利用方面却低于JP2。JP1和JP2生物量、TN含...     

Urban–agricultural water appropriation: the Hyderabad, India case

With the urbanisation drive comes steady growth in urban water demand. Although in the past this new demand could often be met by tapping unclaimed water sources, this option is increasingly untenable in many regions where little if any unclaimed water remains. The result is that urban water capture, and the appropriation of associated physical and institutional infrastructure, now often implies conflict with other existing uses and users. While the urbanisation process has been studied in great depth, the processes and, critically, impacts of urban water capture and appropriation are not well researched or understood. This paper undertakes a critical examination of the specific case of Hyderabad, one of India's fastest growing cities, to shed light more generally on the process of water capture by cities and the resultant impacts on pre-existing claims, particularly agriculture. It does this by examining the history and institutional response to Hyderabad's urban–rural water contest; how the results of that contest are reflected in surface and groundwater hydrology; and the eventual impacts on agriculture. The findings show that the magnitude, and sometimes even direction, of impact from urban water transfer vary in space and time and depend on location-specific rainfall patterns, the nature of existing water infrastructure and institutions, and farmers' adaptive capacities and options, notably recourse to groundwater. Broader consideration of the specific findings provides insights into policy mechanisms to reduce the possible negative impacts from the global, and seemingly inexorable, flow of water to the world's growing cities.