永553低渗砂砾岩区块一体化(IPM)钻井技术

永安油田永553区块目的层为沙四段,以含砾砂岩、砾岩为主,为低孔低渗油藏。前期施工井存在钻进速度慢、开采程度低、经济效益差等特点。针对永553低渗区块开发现状及开发难点,对该区块进行了一体化(IPM)钻井方案设计,并对钻井设计进行了优化。通过优化钻井技术,钻井提速明显,提高了井身质量,延长了油井寿命。永553低渗区块IPM钻井项目的成功实施,说明IPM钻井模式对于提高油井质量、节约钻井成本、提高经济效益是行之有效的。     

渤海35油田非均质储层钻井应对技术

渤海35油田沙河街组水平井穿层较多,整体水平段砂泥岩比例不稳定、交互较多,若处理措施不当,易发生井壁失稳,也易造成防砂管柱下入困难、盲管配管较多以及投产后筛管堵塞严重的问题。通过钻进过程中使用随钻工具及时跟踪,调整井眼轨迹,对钻井液体系、钻井工艺技术等方面进行调整,有效提高了渤中深部地层强非均质水平井油层钻遇率,得出了一些实际操作的方法和经验,对深部地层强非均质水平井现场实施具有较高的参考价值。     

Effects of Deep Fluids on Hydrocarbon Generation and Accumulation in Chinese Petroliferous Basins

Deep fluids in a petroliferous basin generally come from the deep crust or mantle beneath the basin basement, and they transport deep substances(gases and aqueous solutions) as well as heat to sedimentary strata through deep faults. These deep fluids not only lead to large-scale accumulations of CO_2, CH_4, H_2, He and other gases, but also significantly impact hydrocarbon generation and accumulation through organic-inorganic interactions. With the development of deep faults and magmatic-volcanic activities in different periods, most Chinese petroliferous basins have experienced strong impacts associated with deep fluid activity. In the Songliao, Bohai Bay, Northern Jiangsu, Sanshui, Yinggehai and Pearl Mouth Basins in China, a series of CO_2 reservoirs have been discovered. The CO_2 content is up to 99%, with δ~(13)C_(CO2) values ranging from-4.1‰ to-0.37‰ and ~3He/~4He ratios of up to 5.5 Ra. The abiogenic hydrocarbon gas reservoirs with commercial reserves, such as the Changde, Wanjinta, Zhaozhou, and Chaoyanggou reservoirs, are mainly distributed in the Xujiaweizi faulted depression of the Songliao Basin. The δ~(13)CCH4 values of the abiogenic alkane gases are generally -30‰ and exhibit an inverse carbon isotope sequence of δ~(13)C_(CH4)δ~(13)C_(C2H6)δ~(13)C_(C3H8)δ~(13)C_(C4H10). According to laboratory experiments, introducing external H_2 can improve the rate of hydrocarbon generation by up to 147% through the kerogen hydrogenation process. During the migration from deep to shallow depth, CO_2 can significantly alter reservoir rocks. In clastic reservoirs, feldspar is easily altered by CO_2-rich fluids, leading to the formation of dawsonite, a typical mineral in high CO_2 partial pressure environments, as well as the creation of secondary porosity. In carbonate reservoirs, CO_2-rich fluids predominately cause dissolution or precipitation of carbonate minerals. The minerals, e.g., calcite and dolomite, show some typical features, such as higher homogenization temperatures than the burial temperature, relatively high concentrations of Fe and Mn, positive Eu anomalies, depletion of 18 O and enrichment of radiogenic ~(87)Sr. Due to CO_2-rich fluids, the development of high-quality carbonate reservoirs is extended to deep strata. For example, the Well TS1 in the northern Tarim Basin revealed a high-quality Cambrian dolomite reservoir with a porosity of 9.1% at 8408 m, and the Well ZS1 C in the central Tarim Basin revealed a large petroleum reserve in a Cambrian dolomite reservoir at ~6900 m. During the upward migration from deep to shallow basin strata, large volumes of supercritical CO_2 may extract petroleum components from hydrocarbon source rocks or deep reservoirs and facilitate their migration to shallow reservoirs, where the petroleum accumulates with the CO_2. Many reservoirs containing both supercritical CO_2 and petroleum have been discovered in the Songliao, Bohaiwan, Northern Jiangsu, Pearl River Mouth and Yinggehai Basins. The components of the petroleum trapped with CO_2 are dominated by low molecular weight saturated hydrocarbons.     

Diagenetic Evolution and Formation Mechanisms of High-Quality Reservoirs under Multiple Diagenetic Environmental Constraints: An Example from the Paleogene Beach-Bar Sandstone Reservoirs in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin

The diagenetic environment, diagenetic responses, diagenetic transformation model and formation mechanisms of high-quality reservoirs (beach-bar sandstones of the Paleogene fourth member) in the Dongying depression were studied through the analysis of fluid inclusions, thin section and burial evolution history. The diagenetic fluids of the beach-bar sandstone reservoirs evolved from early high salinity and weak alkalinity to low salinity and strong acidity, late high salinity and strong alkalinity and late low salinity and acidity, which were accompanied by two stages of oil and gas filling. The fluids at the margins of the sandbodies were continuously highly saline and strongly alkaline. The western (eastern) reservoirs experienced early open (closed), middle open, and late closed diagenetic environments during their burial history. The flow pattern was characterized by upwelling during the majority of the diagenesis (in the east, a non-circulating pattern transitioned into an upwelling current). Due to the evolution of the diagenetic fluids, the diagenetic sequence of the beach-bar reservoirs was as follows: early weak carbonate cementation; feldspar and carbonate cement dissolution and authigenic quartz cementation; late carbonate and anhydrite cementation, authigenic feldspar cementation, and late quartz dissolution; and late carbonate cementation, feldspar dissolution, and authigenic quartz cementation. The diagenetic strength during these stages varied or was absent altogether in different parts of the reservoirs. Due to the closeness of the diagenetic environment and the flow pattern of the diagenetic fluids, the diagenetic products are variably distributed in the sandstones interbedded with mudstones and in the fault blocks. The evolution of multiple alternating alkaline and acidic diagenetic environments controlled the distribution patterns of the reservoir diagenesis and reservoir space, and the reservoir quality index, RQI, increased gradually from the margins to the centers of the sandstones. The closeness of the diagenetic environment and the flow patterns of the diagenetic fluids controlled the differences in the reservoir properties among the fault blocks. With increasing distance from the oil-source faults, the RQI values in the west gradually decreased and in the east initially increased and then decreased.     

低渗透油藏菱形反九点井网不等缝长优化研究

在低渗透油藏开发中广泛使用菱形反九点井网,但针对不同位置生产井及注水井的裂缝缝长配比关系还缺少广泛深入的研究。基于长庆油田某低渗透油藏参数,建立了数值模拟模型,在菱形反九点井网中分别设置不同的边井、角井和注水井裂缝穿透比,研究不同裂缝配置模式对水驱开发效果的影响。流线模拟及数值模拟计算结果表明,在注水开发中,注水井缝长是影响油田产液量及水驱效果的关键因素;边井裂缝较角井裂缝更易见水,对油田综合含水影响较大,在菱形反九点井网中需要进行不等缝长优化设计;边井裂缝缝长对水驱效果的影响分为早、中、晚期(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)曲线段,随着注水井裂缝穿透比增加,早期(Ⅰ)曲线段增长,中期(Ⅱ)曲线段缩短,而晚期(Ⅲ)曲线段变化较小;随着角井裂缝穿透比增加,采出程度逐渐增大,当角井裂缝穿透比较大时,存在“反转”现象;随着注水井裂缝穿透比增加,角井裂缝优化穿透比减小,而边井裂缝优化穿透比增加。该研究成果对于指导低渗透油藏菱形反九点井网裂缝优化设计,提高波及系数和开发效果具有重要的指导意义。     

高温高盐高黏油藏缔合聚合物-表面活性剂二元驱技术

针对大港油田孔南地区高温、高盐、中低渗、稠油等制约化学驱提高采收率的瓶颈技术问题,以官109 1断块枣Ⅴ油组为目标油藏,在优选适合缔合聚合物和表面活性剂基础上,进行聚合物-表面活性剂二元驱技术室内实验和现场应用研究。通过室内实验优选,缔合聚合物AP P7和表面活性剂BHS 01二元体系溶液与常规体系相比,具有较好的耐温抗盐性,拓展了常规二元驱适用油藏的温度和矿化度范围;缔合聚合物经过岩心剪切后仍能够有效建立阻力系数和残余阻力系数;通过岩心驱替实验,体系能有效提高稠油油藏的采收率,拓宽了聚合物驱适用的原油黏度范围;矿场单井试注后,注入井注入压力和启动压力升高,纵向吸水剖面得到改善,说明该体系在高温高盐条件下仍能保持较高黏度,能够有效改善水油流度比,效果明显。     

北京天竺地热田东坝凹陷南部地区地下热水富集的地热地质条件分析

以北京地区地热流体中温度和矿物质含量较高的东坝凹陷南部地区作为实例,在完整的地热钻孔及相关地质资料基础上,通过对研究区断裂构造、热储层、热储盖层、地温场、流体水化学特性和富水性等地热地质条件进行分析,研究造成该区地热流体中温度、矿物质含量升高的主要原因。研究表明：受太阳宫断裂北段、良乡—前门断裂和楼梓庄断裂的切割作用,东坝凹陷南部地区热储层下落近千米,形成了一个较为封闭的“黑箱子”区域。这种独特的地质结构导致东坝凹陷南部地区接受东南城区地热田侧向补给较少,长期处于较为封闭的还原环境;太阳宫断裂北段存在深部的热源通道,地层深部的高温热流顺断裂上涌在东坝凹陷南部地区的热储层富集,因此该区地热流体表现出温度高、矿物质含量高、富水性差的特征,该研究对我国今后地热资源的开发具有积极的借鉴意义。     

阜康凹陷东环带侏罗系成藏条件分析及有利区预测

阜康凹陷是准噶尔盆地重要的生烃凹陷之一,主要发育四套烃源岩,两套储盖组合。其东部周边的凸起上都发现有油气藏,凹陷与凸起之间的斜坡带,作为油气运移的必经之路,近几年也不断有所发现。斜坡背景、鼻状构造与多起断裂匹配发育,具备形成岩性圈闭条件。通过成藏分析,初步认为该区油气具有"断裂通源,优质砂体控藏,沿梁聚集"的特点;基于构造沉积、成藏整体分析,指出了下步有利勘探区带。     

大藤峡水库岩溶塌陷预防的安全调度研究

水库运行容易在库区诱发滑坡、岩溶塌陷等地质灾害。通过水库运行的安全调度,可有效减少库区地质灾害的发生。本文以在建的大藤峡水库武宣防护区为例,分析计算了岩溶塌陷预防的安全调度水位、排蓄水速度;并根据现场调查,查明了研究区岩溶塌陷发育的地质背景和发育现状,建立了岩溶塌陷发育机理模式。为了分析水库运行改变地下水动力条件对岩溶塌陷发育的影响,运用Modflow软件,建立研究区数值模拟模型,通过数值模拟运算,预测了大藤峡水库不同蓄水水位引起的地下水位变化,以及不同排蓄水速度引起的地下水流速变化;探讨了包气带、潜水层和承压水层区域岩溶塌陷发育的可能性。结果表明:研究区岩溶塌陷预防的水库安全水位高程为51～62 m,蓄水水位安全上升速度为0～1.0 m·d-1和排水水位安全下降速度为0~3.0 m·d-1。      

长江上游干流梯级水库群防洪库容互用性初探

根据《长江流域防洪规划》,长江上游已投入运行的、具有防洪功能的大型控制性水库总预留防洪库容超360亿m3,亟需研究科学实用的防洪调度方法。在定义防洪库容互用性涵义的基础上,探讨了长江上游水库群间防洪库容的互用性,提出了基于库容互用性的水库群防洪调度方法。以金沙江下游梯级和三峡水库为例,分析了二者之间防洪库容的互用比例。研究结果显示,对于1981年、1982年和1998年3个典型年的洪水,金沙江下游梯级水库相对于三峡水库防洪库容的互用比例在0.80~0.97之间,并受拦蓄洪量比例和拦蓄时机的影响。在实时防洪预报调度中,可根据水库群所处状态及防洪形势,基于防洪库容互用性研究成果,结合水文气象预报,科学有效地调度洪水。