陆源碎屑细粒沉积岩中收缩裂隙形成机制研究进展及地质意义

陆源碎屑细粒沉积岩收缩裂隙广泛发育（湖）海陆过渡相中,其成因机制对古环境研究具有重要指示意义,也是震积岩和微生物成因沉积构造领域的研究热点。通过调研国内外收缩裂隙的相关研究,系统总结了收缩裂隙的形态特征、成因机制及其研究的地质意义。结果表明：收缩裂隙主要发育在（湖）海陆过渡相粉砂岩与黏土岩互层的陆源碎屑细粒沉积岩中,通常发育在粉砂岩层的底面,向下逐渐尖灭于下部黏土岩层,呈肠状、脉状或蠕虫状的粉砂质充填,其层面形态可分为纺锤形裂隙、不规则裂隙、多边形裂隙等多种类型,反映了不同的沉积环境。收缩裂隙的成因包括与盐度变化相关的合气作用、地震作用、风暴作用、微生物席破裂作用等。收缩裂隙对沉积环境、事件性沉积、高频（湖）海退—（湖）海侵界面具有重要指示意义。根据收缩裂隙的形态特征及其组合可以指示沉积相带,根据收缩裂隙的发育特征及其伴生现象可以指示地震、风暴、重力流等事件性沉积;微生物成因的收缩裂隙具有沉积物暴露的指示作用,能够指示不同级次的（湖）海退—（湖）海侵界面及古（湖）海平面变化。     

陆源碎屑细粒沉积岩中收缩裂隙形成机制研究进展及地质意义

陆源碎屑细粒沉积岩收缩裂隙广泛发育（湖）海陆过渡相中,其成因机制对古环境研究具有重要指示意义,也是震积岩和微生物成因沉积构造领域的研究热点。通过调研国内外收缩裂隙的相关研究,系统总结了收缩裂隙的形态特征、成因机制及其研究的地质意义。结果表明：收缩裂隙主要发育在（湖）海陆过渡相粉砂岩与黏土岩互层的陆源碎屑细粒沉积岩中,通常发育在粉砂岩层的底面,向下逐渐尖灭于下部黏土岩层,呈肠状、脉状或蠕虫状的粉砂质充填,其层面形态可分为纺锤形裂隙、不规则裂隙、多边形裂隙等多种类型,反映了不同的沉积环境。收缩裂隙的成因包括与盐度变化相关的合气作用、地震作用、风暴作用、微生物席破裂作用等。收缩裂隙对沉积环境、事件性沉积、高频（湖）海退—（湖）海侵界面具有重要指示意义。根据收缩裂隙的形态特征及其组合可以指示沉积相带,根据收缩裂隙的发育特征及其伴生现象可以指示地震、风暴、重力流等事件性沉积;微生物成因的收缩裂隙具有沉积物暴露的指示作用,能够指示不同级次的（湖）海退—（湖）海侵界面及古（湖）海平面变化。     

冀东高板河锌、硫铁矿矿床中的微生物蔗与矿床成因

冀东高板河锌、硫铁矿矿床容矿岩石具有热水沉积岩的地球化学特点，而沿特定层位、一定的岩性分布的层状矿体，也证明该矿床具有热水沉积成因。作者在近年的工作中，于高板河矿床的硫铁矿层，发现呈席状产出的黄矿细球菌。丰富多彩的生物结构从一个侧面证实了该矿床中存在生物成矿作用。因此，高板河锌、硫铁矿床是海底热水沉积和微生物成矿双重作用的结果。     

Gully retreat in a semi-urban catchment in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

Slope instability has been an on-going problem along the South Saskatchewan River within the city of Saskatoon, and has adversely affected private property, bridge foundations, and municipal roads and services. Wooded declivities were present prior to urban de velopment, but changes in drainage patterns associated with construction of an urban park about 30 years ago have resulted in pronounced gullying. Morphometric measurements of two gullies conducted from 1994 to 2000 showed that their headwalls have retreated approximately 7 and 19 m, respectively, with accompanying widening and deepening of the features. The process of retreat is driven largely by the seasonal precipitation regime; it mainly occurs after heavy summer rainstorms, although freeze–thaw activity during snowmelt and subsurface flow are also implicated. Retreat is further controlled by the inherent strength of the root mat that binds the surface soils until the undercut trees finally collapse. Surface runoff through the gullies recently has been redirected through a storm sewer that is designed to mitigate the erosion problem.     

电气石复合材料微孔吸滤剂在香烟"降焦减害"中的应用

对不同产地黑电气石化学组成及其极化吸附特性进行了分析,同时制备了应用于香烟“降焦减害”的电气石复合材料微孔吸滤剂,直观检验了吸滤剂的“降焦减害”功效。实验结果表明：电气石复合材料微孔吸滤剂对香烟烟气中的焦油及其有害成分具有良好的吸附作用。初步分析了电气石吸滤剂的“降焦减害”作用机理。     

Resistance to shallow landslide failure through root-derived cohesion in east coast hill country soils,North Island,New Zealand

Measured shear strength (cohesion and friction) of airfall-derived east coast hill country regolith is insufficient for the maintenance of existing regolith depth/slope angle relationships in the catchment of Lake Waikopiro in northern Hawke's Bay, New Zealand. If these regoliths are attributed with an additional increment of cohesion derived mechanically from a turf mat membrane, existing depth/slope angle distributions are explicable. Sites where failure has occurred have been measured, and back-analysis used to derive a range of values for additional mechanical cohesion. Values are in the range 0·2–7·6 kPa, consistent with earlier findings. This range is narrowed further, to 0·7–6·9 kPa, with assumptions regarding soil moisture status at failure. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

神府南部矿区低阶煤化学组成与工艺性质:特征、关系与实践

煤炭分质利用是契合其高效、清洁与绿色发展趋势的必然途径,而了解煤的基本化学组成与关键工艺性质是实现煤炭资源分级分质利用的基础。陕西神府南部矿区煤炭储量丰富,是西部重要的低阶煤生产基地,但长期以来未能完全实现煤的最佳分质利用,制约着优质煤炭资源价值优势的充分发挥以及经济与社会效益的进一步提升。以此为背景,以神府南部矿区主要生产矿井低阶煤样品为研究对象,开展煤的化学组成与工艺性质测试,化学组成包括工业组分、主量元素、全硫与形态硫、有害元素P及煤灰成分等,工艺性质包括发热量、低温干馏、热稳定性与煤灰熔融性等方面。基于数量化分析方法揭示煤的化学组成与工艺性质特征及其内在关系,构建基于化学组成的工艺性质预测数学模型,为煤炭分级分质利用提供基础依据。结果显示:①研究区低阶煤资源以特低灰、特低硫、特低磷、高-特高发热量、富油、高热稳定性、弱-无黏结性为特点,品质优良,具有显著的分质利用优势,尤其广泛分布的富油煤应予以高度重视;②煤的工艺性质与化学组成之间存在密切成因联系,发热量与固定碳含量呈正相关,低温干馏焦油产率与挥发分产率、氢元素含量呈正相关,水分含量决定低温干馏总水分产率,且在特定煤类条件下,灰分产率是控制煤诸多工艺性质的关键因素,包括发热量、黏结性、焦油产率等,均呈负相关性;③基于逐步回归分析与显著性检验,建立了基于化学组成预测煤关键工艺性质的数学模型,并以张家峁矿为例,利用所建模型预测低温干馏焦油产率和富油煤分布,预测结果与实测数据相符,验证了模型的可靠性。建立的预测模型为利用早期地质勘查资料评价煤的关键工艺性质,尤其富油煤分布提供了可行途径。研究成果对丰富陆相盆地低阶煤物质组成与化学性质基础认识,刻画其内在关联属性与量化模型具有重要参考价值,可为神府南部矿区以及其他类似地区优质煤炭资源（富油煤）的科学评价与最佳利用提供参考依据。      

Spatial and temporal characterization of nutrient net uptake in a vegetated urban stream: Stream bank features leading to net uptake hotspots

Urban stream features can be used to promote nutrient retention; however, their interactions with different hydrological regimes impact nutrient cycling, decrease their retention capacity, and inhibit stream ecosystem functioning. This study analysed the temporal and spatial dynamics of the uptake of three nutrients (nitrate, ammonium, and phosphorus) in an urban drainage stream during high flows. In particular, we studied variations in net uptake along the right margin (with native vegetation and a roots mat) comparatively to the left margin (a non‐rooted grassy bank). Applying the spiralling approach within each subreach on either side, we determined nutrient subreach (sr) retention metrics: uptake rate coefficients , mass transfer rates , and areal uptake rates . Our results showed nitrate (NO₃) and ammonium (NH₄) net uptakes on the right side were higher and more frequent along subreaches where the root mat was more abundant ( [μg m^?2 s^?1] = 22.80 ± 1.13 for NO₃ and 10.50 ± 0.81 for NH₄), whereas on the left side both nutrients showed patchy and inconsistent net uptake patterns despite the homogeneous grass distribution. Net uptake for filtered reactive phosphorus (FRP) was not observed on either side at any flow rate. The impact of hydrological factors such as discharge, travel time, water depth, and concentration, on uptake metrics was studied. Despite increases in travel time as the flow decreased, there was a reduction in net uptake rates, and , on either side. This was attributed to a reduction in water level with declining flows, which decreased hydrologic connectivity with the stream banks, combined with a decrease in water velocity and a reduction in nutrient concentrations. We concluded the rooted bank acted as an effective retention area by systematically promoting net uptake resulting in a twofold increased dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) retention relative to the non‐rooted side where net uptake was spatially localized and highly dynamic. Overall, this work emphasized the importance of strategically sampling close to biologically active surfaces to more accurately determine areas where gross uptake surpasses release process.     

Composition, Abundance and Stratification of Macrobenthos in the Marine Area Impacted by Tar Aggregates Derived from the Haven Oil Spill (Ligurian Sea, Italy)

The impact of tar aggregates deriving from the Haven oil spill that occurred in 1991 on the soft-bottom macrobenthos off Arenzano (Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterranean; Italy) was investigated in this study. Core samples were collected to evaluate the composition, abundance and stratification of macrobenthos in three contaminated and three control sites. The distribution of tar aggregates (often settled by hydroids, bryozoans and serpulids) in the impacted area did not show distinct patterns related to sediment depth. The macrobenthos was numerically dominated by polychaetes, followed by crustaceans (amphipods, isopods and tanaids) and sipunculids, whereas bivalve molluscs were less represented. Ophiuroids and nemerteans were only occasionally found. Stratification was the main factor explaining the distribution of benthic invertebrates, highest abundances being observed in the upper 5 cm of sediment, while densities of individuals declined sharply in deeper sediment layers. No significant differences were observed in the abundance of both the whole benthic assemblage and of the main benthic taxonomic groups between contaminated and control sites. The higher abundance of sipunculids at the contaminated sites, instead, was attributed to the availability of empty tubes of polychaetes in which they take refuge. The polychaetes/amphipods ratios did not show strong differences between impacted and control sites. Multivariate analysis (MDS) showed a wide scattering among deep bottom samples and a comparatively high similarity among intermediate and superficial layers, regardless of the contamination level. In conclusion, the results reported here suggest that tar aggregates do not determine appreciable detrimental effects on the soft-bottom macrobenthos, which appeared to have recovered towards natural pristine conditions.     

平面应变条件下土工格室加筋垫层的变形分析

将铺设在软土地基上的土工格室加筋垫层看作具有一定刚度的梁板。地基上梁板的变形计算一般以弹理论的文克尔假定为基础。针对文克尔假定中不考虑水平抗力影响的问题,提出了考虑水平抗力的双参数法,并以该法应用于土工格室加筋垫层工法的变形分析。