含硫酸钠盐冻结粉砂强度与变形指标的试验研究

对硫酸钠盐含量为0.5%的冻结粉砂在-2℃的温度下和0.3～17 MPa围压范围内进行了三轴压缩试验.试验结果表明,含硫酸钠冻结粉砂强度随围压的增大呈先增大后降低的规律,强度的增大阶段可分为两个阶段,第一阶段为0.3～4 MPa,增大速率为1.775;第二阶段为4～8 MPa,增大速率为0.753,围压8 MPa时强度最大,其值为13.10 MPa,与0.3 MPa围压处的最小强度值3.52 MPa相差9.58 MPa;在8～17 MPa的围压范围内,强度整体呈现下降趋势,强度在13.10～12.19 MPa波动.为在冻土工程计算中选取合理的变形指标,对比分析了初始切线模量E₀与0.5倍强度处割线模量E_0.5、初始切线泊松比μ₀和0.5倍强度处割线泊松比μ_0.5随围压的变化规律.分析结果表明,两种方式确定的弹性模量和泊松比的变化规律均可按围压分为0.3～4 MPa、4～10 MPa和10～17 MPa三个阶段,弹性模量E₀与E_0.5在第一阶段和第二阶段均随围压的增大而增大,但第二阶段的增加速率比第一阶段低,在第三阶段E₀随围压的增加呈现明显的减低趋势,从最大值1 022.39 MPa降低到490.27 MPa,而E_0.5在在该阶段受围压影响不大;泊松比μ₀与μ_0.5在第一阶段与第二阶段均随围压的增大而减小,但第二阶段的降低速率比第一阶段小,在第三阶段μ₀与μ_0.5随围压的增大而增大.对变形指标随围压的变化规律分析表明,冻土初始变形行为对围压敏感,数据离散性大,在工程计算中选取0.5倍强度处对应的割线变形指标在数据上更为稳定、可靠.     

红黏土工程性状的干湿循环效应试验研究

为研究湿热多雨气候条件诱发的干湿循环过程对红黏土长期性能的影响规律,对制样过程中干湿循环含水率变化幅度控制技术进行改进,制备不同干湿循环次数以及含水率变化幅度试样。利用固结排水三轴剪切与压缩试验,研究了干湿循环次数与干湿循环含水率变化幅度对压实红黏土工程性状的影响规律。结果表明,压实红黏土的黏聚力 与内摩擦角 均随干湿循环次数 的增加而衰减,首次干湿循环之后衰减效应最显著,其后较弱并趋于稳定, 的衰减程度小于c,且在低围压下的抗剪强度随干湿循环衰减更加显著;压缩模量E1-2随N的总体衰减规律与强度参数类似,但衰减幅度小于c而大于 ;随着干湿循环含水率变化幅度增大,压实红黏土c与E1-2略有减小, 基本不变,压实红黏土含水率在 4%变化范围内,具有相对稳定的力学特性。该研究表明,红黏土不宜直接用于填筑路床与边坡表层的填料,可以作为上下路堤堤心的填料,但必须采取防排水工程措施与边坡防护措施。     

数字岩石物理中弹性参数的有限差分计算方法

数字岩石物理利用三维成像技术和数学方法,建立数字岩心,开展多场物理响应模拟,计算岩石的等效弹性参数,为岩石物理学研究开拓了新的领域.本文发展了一种基于高阶有限差分的岩石模量数值计算的新方法,该方法便于理解,容易实现,占用内存相对较少,计算效率高,结果合理,弥补了常规岩石物理实验周期长,成本高,误差大等不足.该方法将三维数字岩心样本嵌入一个具有与岩心样本骨架颗粒相同弹性性质的区域中扩充成一个新模型,测量由数字岩石样本非均匀结构带来的纵波或横波峰值振幅的时间差,利用该时间差(相对参考模型)估算纵横波的等效速度,进而求取等效弹性模量.理论模型和实际岩心的计算结果表明,数值模拟结果与实验结果有较高的吻合度,验证了该方法的合理性.     

等效拉压荷载下饱和粉质黏土的弹塑性变形特性研究

动三轴试验中,若在一定轴向静偏应力基础上施加对称正弦波荷载,土体会在荷载正半部分出现轴向压缩状态,而在荷载负半部分有可能因为侧向应力大于轴向应力而出现轴向等效拉伸状态,将此类荷载暂称为等效拉压荷载。为研究等效拉压荷载下饱和粉质黏土的弹塑性变形,设计了多级正弦波荷载室内不排水动三轴试验。依据试验数据揭示了围压、静偏应力、动偏应力和压实系数对土体弹塑性变形发展的影响,并提出用拉压效应系数来确定轴向塑性累积应变的发展趋势。研究表明:若取轴向压缩方向为正方向,拉压效应系数存在一临界值,当实际值大于临界值时,塑性累积应变向负方向发展,反之则向正方向发展或基本保持不变;同时Hardin模型可以较好地描述饱和粉质黏土的动弹模-动应变关系,且塑性累积应变向负方向发展时动弹模量普遍偏小。     

Coupling upscaling finite element method for consolidation analysis of heterogeneous saturated porous media

The coupling upscaling finite element method is developed for solving the coupling problems of deformation and consolidation of heterogeneous saturated porous media under external loading conditions. The method couples two kinds of fully developed methodologies together, i.e., the numerical techniques developed for calculating the apparent and effective physical properties of the heterogeneous media and the upscaling techniques developed for simulating the fluid flow and mass transport properties in heterogeneous porous media. Equivalent permeability tensors and equivalent elastic modulus tensors are calculated for every coarse grid block in the coarse-scale model of the heterogeneous saturated porous media. Moreover, an oversampling technique is introduced to improve the calculation accuracy of the equivalent elastic modulus tensors. A numerical integration process is performed over the fine mesh within every coarse grid element to capture the small scale information induced by non-uniform scalar field properties such as density, compressibility, etc. Numerical experiments are carried out to examine the accuracy of the developed method. It shows that the numerical results obtained by the coupling upscaling finite element method on the coarse-scale models fit fairly well with the reference solutions obtained by traditional finite element method on the fine-scale models. Moreover, this method gets more accurate coarse-scale results than the previously developed coupling multiscale finite element method for solving this kind of coupling problems though it cannot recover the fine-scale solutions. At the same time, the method developed reduces dramatically the computing effort in both CPU time and memory for solving the transient problems, and therefore more large and computational-demanding coupling problems can be solved by computers.     

黄土高原小流域特性指标与产沙统计模式

本文从黄土高原实际情况出发，在广泛的野外考察基础上，收集了面积在0．193--329km2的58个小流域(包括21个变量)的系列数据。通过分析筛选，建立了流域地表综台特性指标：     

A note on formulas for localized failure of frictional materials in compression and biaxial loading modes

The paper investigates aspects of the localization analysis of frictional materials. We derive closed formulas and diagrams for the inclination angle of critical discontinuity surfaces which develop in homogeneous compression and biaxial loading tests. The localization analysis is based on a Drucker–Prager‐type elastoplastic hardening model for non‐associated plastic flow at small strains, which we represent in spectral form. For this type of constitutive model, general analytical formulas for the so‐called critical hardening modulus and the inclination angle of critical discontinuity surfaces are derived for the plane strain case. The subsequent treatment then specializes these formulas for the analysis of compression and biaxial loading modes. The key contribution here is a detailed analysis of plane strain deformation modes where the localized failure occurs after subsequent plastic flow. The derived formulas and diagrams can be applied to the checking of an accompanying localization analysis of frictional materials in finite‐element computations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

波浪荷载作用下砂土变形特性的模拟试验研究

利用新研制的“土工静力-动力液压三轴-扭转多功能剪切仪”模拟波浪荷载作用，对福建标准砂进行了4组三轴一扭转耦合振动剪切试验，以研究海床砂土在波浪荷载作用下的变形特性及其对砂土初始密度和固结压力的依赖性。试验结果表明，应力-应变呈现出良好的双曲线关系，与等效线性模型理论相吻合；阻尼比和模量随应变幅值的变化规律均依赖于土体的初始密度和固结压力；归一化后的E／Emax-ε及G／Gmax-γ曲线对相对密度和固结压力仍具有明显的依赖性；但完全归一化后的E／Emax-ε/εr及G／Gmax-γ/γr的关系曲线则与固结压力无关。     

近岸水平场地液化侧向大变形机理及软化模量分析方法

本文依据震害现象和实验探讨近岸水平场地地面液化侧向大变形机理，改进现有软化模量分析技术，给出一套地面液化侧向大变形的分析方法。近岸水平场地侧向大变形机理因地基中孔隙水压力升高、土体模量衰减、土骨架变软使偏应变得到充分发展所致，其水平永久侧移可用从底部到顶部呈增加形式的整体变形描述。利用本文方法，对1995年阪神地震中近岸沉箱岸壁和土体液化侧向大变形进行了数值模拟，结果与震后实测结果和试验结果在主要特征上一致，说明改进的软化模量法可以用于地面液化侧向大变形的分析。