干振桩复合地基中碎石垫层的补偿效果

挤密型复合地基处理 ,可以明显改善建筑场地的工程地质性能 ,提高承载力 ,降低液化等级。但由于勘察工作不到位 ,地基处理设计时对天然地基的不良地质条件估计不足 ,施工、监理也存在一些问题 ,导致地基处理效果未满足建筑设计要求。通过在复合地基上部铺设加厚的碎石垫层 ,并采用相应的支护和结构措施 ,取得了满意的结果 ,保证了建筑物的安全使用。     

Effective elastic properties of the double‐periodically cracked plates

In this paper, the interaction of double‐periodical cracks is accurately solved based on the isolating analysis procedure, superposition principle, pseudo‐traction method, Chebyshev polynomial expansion and crack‐surface collocation technique. The jump displacement crossing crack faces, the average additional strain and therefore the effective compliance of the double‐periodically cracked plate are directly determined. The numerical results for axial‐symmetrically distributed double‐periodical cracks, general double‐periodical cracks with one collinear direction as well as two sets of double‐periodical cracks with same size and square distribution are given in this paper. And the partial typical numerical results are compared with the previous works. The analysis shows that the anisotropy induced by the general double‐periodical cracks is generally not orthogonal anisotropy. Only when the double‐periodical cracks are axial‐symmetrically distributed, is the anisotropy orthogonal. In this special cases, the effective engineering constants (consist of effective elastic modulus, the effective Poisson's ratio, the effective shear modulus) of cracked plate versus crack spacing, in the plane stress and plane strain conditions, respectively, are analysed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimating Menard pressuremeter modulus and limit pressure from SPT in silty sand and silty clay soils. A case study in Mashhad,Iran

The Menard pressuremeter test is a relatively expensive in situ test, which generates useful information about the strength and deformation properties of any soil and weak rock, which is carried out in some projects. On the other hand, the SPT test is a rather inexpensive, simple and typical in situ test used to determine the engineering properties of silt, clay, sand, and fine gravel which is utilised in almost all projects.

In this study SPT blow counts (N₆₀) were correlated with pressuremeter modulus (E_PMT) and limit pressure (P_L) and empirical equations were proposed to estimate P_L and E_PMT from N₆₀ in silty sand and silty clay soils separately. These tests have been conducted during subway geotechnical investigation in Mashhad, Iran.

Moreover, in order to verify these empirical equations, they were compared with similar equations that have been proposed by other researchers. These comparisons display that in all equations a linear relationship exists between N₆₀ - E_PMT and N₆₀ - P_L. However, the line slopes are different so it can be concluded the line slopes are related to soil type and geological condition of an area. Thus, for each area a separate empirical equation must be presented.     

A modulus‐multiplier approach for non‐linear analysis of laterally loaded pile groups

A modulus‐multiplier approach, which applies a reduction factor to the modulus of single pile p–y curves to account for the group effect, is presented for analysing the response of each individual pile in a laterally loaded pile group with any geometric arrangement based on non‐linear pile–soil–pile interaction. The pile–soil–pile interaction is conducted using a 3D non‐linear finite element approach. The interaction effect between piles under various loading directions is investigated in this paper. Group effects can be neglected at a pile spacing of 9 times the pile diameter for piles along the direction of the lateral load and at a pile spacing of 6 times the pile diameter for piles normal to the direction of loading. The modulus multipliers for a pair of piles are developed as a function of pile spacing for departure angle of 0, 90, and 180sup>/sup> with respect to the loading direction. The procedure proposed for computing the response of any individual pile within a pile group is verified using two well‐documented full‐scale pile load tests. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

堆石料等应力比路径四模量增量非线性模型

已有研究表明,土石坝内堆石料在施工填筑期的应力路径可近似为主应力比为常数的路径。根据大型三轴仪上进行的两种应力路径排水试验,即等向压缩的固结试验和等应力比值的剪切试验,提出了一个四模量增量非线性模型。模型除给出了堆石料体积模量K和剪切模量G的表达式外,对剪应力产生的体积应变和平均主应力产生的剪切应变也分别采用了交叉模量J1、J2表达。通过与试验数据的对比表明,四模量增量非线性模型能够较好地预测堆石料在等应力比路径下的应力-应变关系。     

兰州Q4黄土各向异性的初步研究

水敏感性和结构性是黄土区别于其他类型土的主要特点,得到了广泛的研究,但大多数试验研究都采用垂直方向制备的试样,仅考虑了黄土垂直方向的力学特性,这对于以承受上部垂直荷载为主的黄土地基基础等工程类型来说是合理和准确的,而对于受力状态较为复杂的边坡和隧道及地下结构等工程类型,黄土力学性质的各向异性可能更为重要。分别从垂直向和水平向制取兰州Q4黄土的原状土试样,通过三轴剪切试验研究了其抗剪强度和变形参数在不同围压下和不同方向上的差异性,并与直剪试验获得的强度参数进行对比。结果表明：兰州Q4黄土力学性质的各向异性是较为显著的,强度方面的差异主要体现在黏聚力,而内摩擦角的差异性较小;变形特征具有随围压增加而从脆性向塑性转化的特点,垂直方向的变形模量比水平方向的变形模量平均要大2倍左右。用黄土的结构性强度及其形成机制解释了试验结果,认为黄土力学性质的各向异性特点是其结构性的另一种表现方式,应重视黄土在不同方向上强度和变形特征的差异性,以获得更安全合理的参数。     

Use of the dilatometer test to estimate the maximum shear modulus of normally consolidated Busan clay

ABSTRACT

The aim of this experimental study is to estimate the maximum shear modulus (G_max) of normally consolidated clayey soils using the results of a dilatometer test (DMT). A series of DMTs was conducted at the Busan New Port and Noksan sites in South Korea. In addition, basic index tests, bender element tests (i.e., shear wave velocity (V_s) measurements), and standard 1-D consolidation tests were performed using the undisturbed specimens. The results demonstrate that the G_max of normally consolidated Busan clays cannot be adequately captured by the horizontal stress index (K_D)-based empirical formula. Therefore, a G_max estimating formula for normally consolidated clayey soils is newly suggested in this study using the dilatometer constrained modulus (M_DMT) and stress-normalized material index (I_D). Most notably, the estimated G_max values using the suggested formula are comparable with the measured G_max of both this study and the previous study on normally consolidated clayey soils.     

岩体应力应变曲线转型的孔压效应与降雨滑坡的机制分析

从宏观与微观机制方面探讨了孔隙水压力对岩体脆－延性转变的影响。定义了一个峰后破坏割线模量Epost来表征孔隙水压力对岩体应力应变曲线转型的效应,并结合突变理论得到的斜坡失稳的刚度判据,进一步分析了孔隙水压力对应力应变曲线峰后斜率的影响,随孔隙水压力的增加,峰后曲线斜率变陡,峰后刚度增大,即材料的均匀性、脆性增大与刚度比k减小。因此在系统内部条件不变时,刚度比k=1时就存在一个临界孔隙水压力pwcritical,即降雨等涨落因素引起滑面介质中的孔隙水压力大于这个临界值时斜坡就易于发生突变失稳。从而深化认识了降雨等外部涨落因素对斜坡系统失稳的重要触发作用。     

Finite-time normal mode disturbances and error growth during Southern Hemisphere blocking

The structural organization of initially random errors evolving in a barotropic tangent linear model, with time-dependent basic states taken from analyses, is examined for cases of block development, maturation and decay in the Southern Hemisphere atmosphere during April, November, and December 1989. The statistics of 100 evolved errors are studied for six-day periods and compared with the growth and structures of fast growing normal modes and finite-time normal modes (FTNMs). The amplification factors of most initially random errors are slightly less than those of the fastest growing FTNM for the same time interval.During their evolution, the standard deviations of the error fields become concentrated in the regions of rapid dynamical development, particularly associated with developing and decaying blocks. We have calculated probability distributions and the mean and standard deviations of pattern correlations between each of the 100 evolved error fields and the five fastest growing FTNMs for the same time interval. The mean of the largest pattern correlation, taken over the five fastest growing FTNMs, increases with increasing time interval to a value close to 0.6 or larger after six days. FTNM 1 generally, but not always, gives the largest mean pattern correlation with error fields. Corresponding pattern correlations with the fast growing normal modes of the instantaneous basic state flow are significant but lower than with FTNMs.Mean pattern correlations with fast growing FTNMs increase further when the time interval is increased beyond six days.