弹性模量、波速与应力的关系及其应用

为充分了解不同尺度地质系统的岩石动力学特征,更好利用不同规模勘探资料有效解释地质系统的特征,在岩石物理实验对岩石弹性模量、波速与应力的关系进行研究总结的基础上,探讨野外实际地震勘探中地震波速与地应力的关系。研究表明,岩石、岩体或地质系统是多相(固液气)、多种矿物、各种构造的综合体,不论尺度如何均可以用多重介质孔隙裂隙地质模型描述,而波速是一定尺度不均匀地质体的等效波速,在一定地质条件下,各种尺度介质波速、岩石弹性模量与有效应力存在依存关系。坚硬的岩石通常很脆,如果岩石处于很大的应力之下,应力的释放将在岩石中产生微裂隙,微裂隙会降低地震速度。只要把岩石恢复到原来的应力状态就可能消除所引发的微裂隙。在岩体未达到破坏时,应力越大,波速愈高。压力释放引发的微裂隙有助于现场确定最大/最小水平应力方向,波速的椭圆长轴即为主应力方向。而上覆地层压力不变(或变化很小),净储层压力的影响正好与储层压力对地震特性的影响相反。随着净储层压力的增加,所有岩石的地震特性都增高。这种增高的量级取决于若干其它的因素(孔隙形状、孔隙度、孔隙流体、岩性等等)。不论野外地震勘探还是实验研究,地震波速与地应力的一致性为地质系统的正反演解释提供了宏观控制依据:通过测量弄清     

Influence of a cyclic and dynamic loading history on dynamic properties of dry sand, part I: cyclic and dynamic torsional prestraining

Initial fabric of a soil induced by its cyclic strain history is an important parameter together with the void ratio, state of stress and amplitude in respect to further accumulation of deformations under drained cyclic loading. It is of importance for the further deformation prediction to determine the initial fabric of the grain skeleton or the cyclic loading history of the soil. An attempt is made within this paper to correlate small strain stiffness of non-cohesive soil with its cyclic loading history. The results of performed cyclic and dynamic torsional tests show that small strain shear modulus is only moderately affected by cyclic prestraining even if high amplitudes are applied. A signature of prestraining history is observed in the tests since the sand memorizes its prestraining amplitude and the number of applied cycles.     

Data generation for shear modulus and damping ratio in reinforced sands using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system

Neuro-fuzzy inference systems have been used in many areas in civil engineering applications. This study was conducted to estimate low strain dynamic properties of composite media from easily measurable physical properties using the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). The inference system was employed to predict the shear modulus and the damping coefficient of the sand samples as an alternative to lengthy laboratory testing. ANFIS was trained using low strain dynamic test results of samples of sand reinforced with particulate rubber inclusions from a resonant column device. The training was performed with an improved hybrid method, which was found to deliver better results than classical back-propagation method such as multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and multiple regression analysis method (MRM). Using the new approach, the optimal precise value of a parameter could be estimated within the constraints of the experimental design. The ANFIS model has appeared very effective in modeling complex soil properties such as shear modulus and damping coefficient, and performs better than MLP and MRM.     

Study of Bed Friction Factor for the Wu River Estuary

1 .IntroductionThe Wu River systemis the most important estuary river in central Taiwan.Its tidal wave canrange over 5 meters .Itis considered as one of the most magnificent scenesin Taiwan.The understand-ing of the tidal flowof the estuaryis essential to…     

我国北方新生代玄武岩地下水化学特征及其成因：以河北省张北县为例

为了进一步了解我国北方新生代玄武岩地下水的赋存规律和形成演化机理,以河北省张北县玄武岩地下水为研究对象,在野外采集地下水样、测定水化学和同位素组成的基础上,利用统计分析、离子比例系数、氢氧同位素、反向地球化学模拟等方法,对区内玄武岩地下水的水化学形成机制进行了研究。结果表明：沿地下水径流方向,研究区内玄武岩地下水中多数离子质量浓度呈现增大趋势,补给区的地下水化学类型以HCO3Ca·Mg为主,TDS质量浓度多小于500 mg/L,排泄区地下水中阴离子以Cl-和SO2-4为主,阳离子以Na+为主,TDS质量浓度多大于1 400 mg/L;研究区地下水补给来源为当地大气降水;硅铝酸盐、岩盐、硫酸盐的风化溶解是地下水中离子的主要来源;溶滤作用、阳离子交替吸附作用和农业施肥等人类活动影响是控制地下水化学形成的主要作用。     

酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀加固遗址土动力特性试验研究

中国西北地区地震频发,土遗址长期受到地震活动的不利影响。为了研究酶诱导碳酸钙沉淀技术（EICP）加固遗址土的动力特性,对1.55、1.65、1.75 g/cm³这3种初始干密度的遗址土进行EICP处理,并设置未经EICP处理的对照组。开展了不同围压、振动频率下的动三轴试验。结果表明：在相同动应力作用下,相比对照组,试验组的动应变更小,耗散的能量更少,阻尼比更小;在EICP加固后,随着干密度、围压、振动频率增大,可以降低动应变的产生,但这种效果依次减弱。动本构关系符合Hardin模型,干密度、围压、振动频率对模型参数a（动弹性模量）的影响程度逐渐减小;微观分析发现,EICP加固后,碳酸钙沉淀在土颗粒表面附着,填充孔隙,并与土颗粒相互胶结成致密结构,土体结构强度增强。     

循环荷载下水泥土桩复合体动力参数试验研究

水泥土桩被广泛应用于软土路基加固工程中。然而,人们对水泥桩与桩间土形成的加固体的动力特性尚缺乏认识,无法合理评价水泥土桩复合地基的长期性能。基于此,本文开展水泥土桩复合体大型动三轴试验,研究围压、静偏应力、置换率及分级加卸载路径对其动力参数的影响,并分析了动力参数的波动性。试验结果表明:随着静偏应力增加,复合单元体的动弹模量减小,阻尼比增大,临界动应力比减小。随着置换率增加,动弹模量略有增加,阻尼比略有减小。逐级卸载造成复合单元体的动力参数劣化。阻尼比具有较强的波动性,复合单元体阻尼比的变异系数是动弹模量的2.8～7.0倍。相比于软土,复合体动弹模量提高了2～6倍,静偏应力越大,提高系数越大。     

矿物光率体主轴-晶轴-弹性张量的数学转换和计算机实现的方法

以往是通过手工转图由光率体主轴获取晶轴和应力主轴的,把手工操作变为计算机运算和成图,是一个重要的附加课题．主要介绍了计算机实现轴与轴以及坐标系和投影面之间的各种转换方法,具体步骤有：（１）把费氏台下读数转换为地理坐标系下的数据;（２）已知任意两个光率体主轴求第三个光率体主轴;（３）投影面的旋转;（４）由光率体主轴获取晶轴;（５）把弹性张量从与晶轴相关的坐标系转到地理坐标系中．由此编制的处理程序和绘图软件已在应用中．     

Limits of tidal energy dissipation by fluid flow in subsea formations

Tidal loading causes fluid flow through permeable seafloor and between regions of contrasting elastic properties or porosity within subsea formations. We examine theoretically the dissipation of energy by these flows and its global significance as a mechanism for tidal energy dissipation. Expressions are given for energy dissipation rates in layered formations due to vertical flow caused by tidal loading, but the results can be used to constrain dissipation by other flow patterns. We consider flow near the seafloor, in gas-bearing sediments, and in highly fractured permeable igneous crust. Energy dissipation by the first two mechanisms is negligibly small globally, although it may be locally significant under extreme conditions. Under favourable conditions, flow in fractured crust may have greater energy dissipation, but the total amount is limited by the thickness of the permeable layer. Based on our current understanding of subsea hydrogeology, tidally induced flow in subsea formations appears to make little contribution to the observed global tidal energy dissipation.     

地基剪切模量对列车引起的动应力的影响

为了分析地基剪切模量对列车引起的地基动应力的影响,利用移动荷载作用下弹性半空间内部的应力响应解,计算了两种不同速度、不同地基剪切模量时,列车引起的地基表面反力和地基动应力。在两种速度下,反力最大值均随地基剪切模量的增大不断增大。不同速度时,地基剪切模量对动应力的影响是不同的。