新型低弹模混凝土性能研究

聚丙烯纤维低弹模混凝土以其优良的工作性能和力学性能成为近年来我国水利工程大坝防渗墙采用的主要材料之一.在室内试验的基础上,对聚丙烯低弹模混凝土的强度、塌落度特性进行了研究;开发了一套混凝土耐久性渗透水采集仪,对聚丙烯低弹模混凝土的渗透性和耐久性进行了研究,试验结果表明：与传统低弹模混凝土相比,聚丙烯低弹模混凝土的抗压、弹模变化不大,抗拉强度有提高,抗渗性能明显改善,渗透系数降低了一个数量级左右,耐久性年限可以进一步提高,研究结果为聚丙烯低弹模混凝土大坝防渗墙的工程应用提供了技术支撑.     

冻融循环作用下路基土回弹模量试验研究

为研究季节冻土地区冻融循环作用对路基土回弹模量的影响,以2种路基土作为研究对象,通过风干和加湿的方法,使高50mm、直径为50mm无侧限圆柱体试件达到5种预期含水率;采用承载板法进行回弹模量试验,分析了路基土在0～12次冻融循环作用下,回弹模量随冻融循环次数变化的规律.结果表明:随着冻融循环次数的增加,土体的回弹模量减小,到第6次冻融循环后土体回弹模量衰减基本稳定.在进行季节冻土地区路面设计时,应考虑冻融循环作用对路基土的影响,建议选取第6次冻融循环后的土体回弹模量作为路基强度设计值.     

Spatial Scaling of Effective Modulus and Correlation of Deformation Near the Critical Point of Fracturing

Many observations point to the lithosphere being metastable and close to a critical mechanical point. Exercises in modelling deformation, past or present, across subsurface reservoirs need to take account of this criticality in an efficient way. Using a renormalization technique, the spatial scaling of effective elastic modulus is derived for 2-D and 3-D bodies close to the critical point of through-going fracturing. The resulting exponent, d_μ, of spatial scaling of effective modulus with size, , takes the values ~ −2.5 and −4.2 in two- and three-dimensional space, respectively. The exponents are compatible with those for scaling of effective modulus with fracture density near the percolation threshold determined by other workers from numerical experiments; the high absolute values are also approximately consistent with empirical data from a) fluctuations in depth of a seismic surface; b) `1/k' scaling of heterogeneities observed in one-dimensional well-log samples; c) spatial correlation of slip displacements induced by water injection. The effective modulus scaling modifies the spatial correlation of components of displacement or strain for a domain close to the critical point of fracturing. This correlation function has been used to geostatistically interpolate components of the strain tensor across subsurface reservoirs with the prime purpose of predicting fracture densities between drilled wells. Simulations of strain distributions appear realistic and can be conditioned to surface depths and observations at wells of fracture-related information such as densities and orientations, welltest permeabilities, changes in well-test permeabilities, etc.     

Microstructural weathering of sedimentary rocks by freeze–thaw cycles: Experimental study of state and transfer parameters

The frost sensitivity of a rock is resulting from the combined action of processes linked to porous network characteristics (state parameters) and to the way water flows into this porous network (transfer parameters), our study was thus about the influence of these parameters on frost weathering of rocks. Sedimentary rocks often found on buildings (limestone and sandstone) and consequently submitted to temperature variations have been selected. State and transfer parameters have been measured for sample characterization and the follow-up of weathering during freeze–thaw cycles. The coupled influence of a state parameter (dynamic modulus of elasticity) and a transfer parameter (water permeability), i.e. between rock skeletal strength and voids connection, has thus been discussed.     

Dynamics of deformation and water flow in heterogeneous porous media and its impact on soil properties

The interaction of geomechanics and flow within a soil body induces deformation and pore pressure change. Deformation may change hydrogeological and elastic properties, which alters the mechanical behaviour and results in non‐linearity. To investigate this interaction effect in a heterogeneous porous medium, a stochastic poroelastic model is proposed. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to determine the mean and uncertainty of the parameter changes, displacement, and change in pore water pressure. Hydraulic conductivity is treated as the only random variable in the coupled geomechanics‐flow system due to its large variation compared to other mechanical and hydrogeological properties in natural environments. The three considered non‐linear models for the interaction between parameters and deformation are those that consider (1) porosity and hydraulic conductivity; (2) porosity and Young's modulus; and (3) a combined effect that includes porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and Young's modulus. Boundary effects on the coupled system are also explored. The relationships between changes of porosity, hydraulic conductivity, and Young's modulus are analytically shown to be non‐linear. Among the considered parameters, the deformation effect induces the largest reduction in hydraulic conductivity. The deformation‐induced change in hydraulic conductivity shows the most significant effect on the mean and variance of the change in pore water pressure and displacement, while changes in Young's modulus have the least effect. When the deformation effect is considered, the superposition relationship does not exist in the mean displacement and mean change in pore water pressure for the three scenarios considered; it exists for the case without deformation effects. Deformation also causes a reduction in the effective hydraulic conductivity for the whole domain. The scenario that considers both loading and discharge boundaries has larger changes in hydrogeological and geo‐mechanical parameters than those in scenarios that consider loading and discharge boundaries separately. The results indicate that the interaction between deformation and changes in parameters has a profound effect on the poroelastic system. The effect of deformation should thus be considered in modelling and practice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Support vector regression to predict asphalt mix performance

Material properties are essential in the design and evaluation of pavements. In this paper, the potential of support vector regression (SVR) algorithm is explored to predict the resilient modulus (M_R), which is an essential property in designing and evaluating pavement materials, particularly hot mix asphalt typically used in Oklahoma. SVR is a statistical learning algorithm that is applied to regression problems; in our study, SVR was shown to be superior to the least squares (LS). Compared with the widely used LS method, the results of this study show that SVR significantly reduces the mean‐squared error and improves the correlation coefficient. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

辽西地区冻风积土动力特性试验分析

动荷载作用下冻土的动力学参数是寒区工程抗震设计的关键。基于大量室内动三轴试验,研究了地震荷载作用下,辽西冻风积土的动强度σd、动变形εd、动弹性模量Ed和动阻尼比λd等动力学参数与土体含水量w、温度T、围压σ3c、动应力幅值σdamx和频率f等条件的关系。试验中采用三水平六因素的设计方法共进行了18组试验。试验结果表明,在相同振次水平条件下,冻土的动变形随动应力幅值的增大和温度上升而增大;在相同温度条件下,冻土的动剪切强度τd随着围压的增加而增加;低温冻土(-15℃)的动强度和动弹性模量要高于高温冻土(-2℃)的动强度和动弹性模量;冻土的动阻尼比随着变形和频率的增加而降低,随着含水量的增加而增加。上述规律为辽西风积土地区建设工程提供了较为可靠的抗震设计依据。     

裂隙岩体变形模量尺寸效应研究Ⅰ:有限元法

通过对裂隙交叉和非贯通裂隙进行的网格剖分研究,建立了随机裂隙岩体网格生成方法,并编制了裂隙岩体有限元网格自动生成程序。根据锦屏电站辅助洞白山组大理岩裂隙分布调查结果,用蒙特卡洛法生成随机裂隙网络,进行了岩石-裂隙二元岩体网格自动剖分,将试验室获得的岩石和裂隙的力学参数分别赋予岩体模型中的岩石和裂隙,通过有限元方法研究了裂隙岩体等效变形模量的尺寸效应和各向异性。尺寸效应研究结果表明,所研究的裂隙岩体的等效变形模量表征单元体REV为8 m;各向异性研究结果表明,在REV尺寸下,所研究的裂隙岩体各个方向变形模量可以通过柔度张量进行拟合,且张量拟合误差不超过8%。     

全球气候变化对贵州省径流模数的潜在影响

揭示全球气候变化对贵州省径流模数潜在影响可为该区优化配置水资源、确定水土保持治理的重点区域以及减少由降雨季节性分布不均引发旱涝灾害提供依据。该文以贵州省22个主要气象和水文站的降雨和径流等资料为基础,建立降雨和径流之间的统计关系。采用DELTA方法,根据HadCM3模型对A2情景(人口快速增长、经济发展缓慢)和B2情景(强调社会技术创新)下输出的不同时期的降雨量以及实测的贵州省降雨量和径流模数资料,推算出贵州省2006-2035年、2036-2065年和2066-2095年前后两个时期之间径流模数的增减量;研究结果为:A2和B2情景下未来3个时期径流模数逐渐增大,相对于基准期1961-1990年最大增幅分别达17.52%和10.58%。不同情景和不同时期径流模数变化的空间分布差异较大,A2情景下径流模数的变化比B2情景下更为剧烈。在贵州省石漠化严重的地区,当径流增加较多时,不仅需要考虑水资源的充分合理利用,还需兼顾防止水土流失的加剧。     

Consistent tangent operators for constitutive rate equations

A general approach for obtaining the consistent tangent operator for constitutive rate equations is presented. The rate equations can be solved numerically by the user's favourite time integrator. In order to obtain reliable results, the substepping in integration should be based on a control of the local error. The main ingredient of the consistent tangent operator, namely the derivative of the stress with respect to the strain increment must be computed simultaneously with the same integrator, applied to a numerical approximation of the variational equations. This information enables finite‐element packages to assemble a consistent tangent operator and thus guarantees quadratic convergence of the equilibrium iterations. Several numerical examples with a hypoplastic constitutive law are given. As numerical integrator we used a second‐order extrapolated Euler method. Quadratic convergence of the equilibrium iteration is shown. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.