基于徕卡TCR系列全站仪的立式油罐容量标定测量系统

论述了徕卡TCR全站仪在大垂直角单面测量条件下激光无合作目标（RL）极坐标测量的精度，并在真实环境中，进行了“TCR系列全站仪容量标定系统”与传统方法在容量标定结果方面的比较，所得结论供大家参考。     

Dunefoot dynamics along the Dutch coast

The dynamics of the dunefoot along a 160 km portion of the Dutch coast has been investigated based on a data set of annual surveys dating back to as early as 1850. The linearly detrended (or residual) dunefoot positions comprise an alongshore uniform and an alongshore non‐uniform component. The former is expressed as 10 to 15 m of landward retreat along extensive (>10 km) stretches of coast during years with severe storm surges and as up to 5 m of seaward advance during years without significant storm activity. The latter, alongshore non‐uniform component is organized in sandwave‐like patterns, which may have a longevity of decades to up to the duration of the entire data set (150 years). Their wavelengths vary along the coast, from 3·5 to 10 km; migration rates are 0–200 m a^?1. Dunefoot sandwaves are shown to be the shoreward extensions of similar sandwave patterns in the beach position. The non‐uniform dunefoot behaviour constitutes at least 80 per cent of the total residual dunefoot dynamics, implying that along the Dutch coast residual dunefoot variability is controlled by temporal and spatial variability in beach characteristics, and not by storm‐induced uniform erosion. Various potential mechanisms causing beach sandwaves are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A review of storm-surge research in China

In this paper are briefly introduced: (1) the general situations of storm hazards caused by different weather types; (2) the acquisition of data needed in storm-surge forecasting; (3) the current forecasting techniques of storm surges; (4) the calculations of storm surge with different return periods for coastal engineering and the exploitation of the ocean; and (5) the basic theoretical study of storm surges.     

On the recurvature of tropical cyclones and the storm surge problem in Bangladesh

The disproportionality of the large frequency of occurrence of severe storm surges on the coast of Bangladesh is highlighted. The reasons for the recurvature of these storms towards the Bangladesh coast and the associated severe surges are discussed in this paper.Atmospheric Environment Service, Ice Center, Environment Canada, 373 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3.     

Cyclones and storm surges in Bangladesh: Some mitigative measures

Bangladesh, with its repeated cycle of floods, cyclones, and storm surges, has proved to be one of the most disaster-prone areas of the world. During the years from 1797 to 1991, Bangladesh has been hit by 60 severe cyclones (mostly accompanied by storm surges). This paper gives a brief account of these disasters with particular reference to the wind speed, surge height, loss of life, and damage to crops and properties, etc.In order to protect the coastal areas of Bangladesh from cyclonic storm surges and floods, a major system of embankments was constructed during the 1960s and 1970s, but this is now in need of rehabilitation. The Cyclone Protection Project, which was approved by the World Bank in 1989, would rehabilitate some of the existing embankments, build new embankments, and construct roads. Locally available materials, indigenous technology, and cheap surplus manpower should be used in this project. A variety of fruit trees should be planted along the dikes and roads.To the south-western part of Bangladesh bordering the Bay of Bengal, lies the world's largest single mangrove tract, known as the Sunderban, which covers a total area of 571 500 ha. This mangrove forest is of extreme importance since it provides efficient protection to life and property against cyclones and storm surges. But due to deforestation, the width of the mangrove belt is being rapidly diminished. The author therefore lays emphasis on coastal afforestation.Absolute security against cyclone hazard is probably out of the question, but an effective cyclone warning response can definitely reduce loss of life and damage to property. The author discusses the current conditions for cyclone forecasting and warning in Bangladesh, and then puts forward some proposals for improving the Cyclone Preparedness Programme.     

基于无结构网格有限体积法的风暴潮数值预报模式

基于无结构三角单元网格和有限体积法,建立了一个高精度高分辨率的风暴潮二维数值预报模式。该模式采用对岸线有较强拟合能力的无结构网格对求解区域进行离散,采用藤田公式和宫崎正卫风场模式模拟气压场和风场。由于台风暴潮在近岸地区受底部地形的影响,可能引起非线性较强的波动,从而产生陡度大的波面,因此模式中利用Roe的通量函数给出守恒方程的无粘性通量。针对复杂的海底地形,对模式专门进行了通量梯度项与源项的平衡。应用此模型模拟和预报珠江口地区的风暴潮增水,取得了较满意的结果。     

岸界一维处理的粤东风暴潮数值模拟

采用有限差分方法对风暴潮方程进行数值求解，特别是在岸边界上采用了与城内网格相容的一维差分网格，使得模型有较好的稳定性和较好的精度。用此模型对１９６２—１９８７年登陆粤东地区的多个台风增水过程进行了计算，得到了较好的结果。     

浙江沿岸水对“魔蝎”台风的响应

台风"魔蝎"于2018年8月12日夜子时登陆浙江温岭，台风登陆前后造成了浙江近海海水物理特性的诸多变化。台风登陆时的最大风速约为27.5 m/s，登陆时正值天文大潮期间，引起了超过0.30 m的沿岸增水，增水持续了3~4 d。在台风登陆前的7 h内，锚系点水域的海水温度降幅超过1℃。分析表明，海气热交换引起的海水热量损失是锚系点水域温度降低的主要因素，而海水垂向混合带来的海水降温幅度有限。降温在水平区域分布上具有不对称性，台风路径两侧的降温中心呈现明显的不对称性，台风路径右侧的表层海水温度降幅明显强于路径左侧。长江口外至苏南外海水温降幅最为明显，最大降温接近3℃，舟山东南方向海域和温岭东南方向海域最大降温分别超过1.6℃和1.2℃，而在台风路径左侧海域，表层海水温度降幅普遍小于1℃。在台风登陆前的7 h内，海水盐度降低了1.2，研究表明台风带来的强降雨是海水盐度降低的主要因素。本研究，得到了台风"魔蝎"登陆前、登陆时和登陆后，锚系点及周边海域海流、水位、温度、盐度等的变化特征，初步获悉台风期间海水物理特性变化的动力因素，可以为台风影响研究、预防和降低台风带来的风险和损失等提供动力学方面的依据。     

Implementation and application of a nested numerical storm surge forecast model in the East China Sea

A nested numerical storm surge forecast model for the East China Sea is developed. Aone-way relaxing nest method is used to exchange the information between coarse grid and fine grid. In the inner boundary of the fine grid model a transition area is set up to relax the forecast variables. This ensures that the forecast variables of the coarse model may transit to those of fine grid gradually, which enhances the model stability. By using this model, a number of hindcasts and forecast are performed for six severe storm surges caused by tropical cyclones in the East China Sea. The results show good agreement with the observations.