Shell bed tempestites in the Chenier Plain of Louisiana: late Holocene example and modern analogue

Hurricane Ike's storm surge deposited a concentrated shell bed in the form of a series of coalescing washover fans over backshore sand and adjoining marshland in part of southwest Louisiana's Chenier Plain. The shell bed is a tempestite and has distinctive morphological, sedimentological and biogenic characteristics that provide a modern analogue to aid interpretation of older shell bed tempestites in the geological record. The shell bed has a wedge‐shaped profile that thickens landward, is about 40 m wide, up to 27 cm thick and extends several hundred metres parallel to the shore. Shells are predominantly disarticulated valves of the common bivalve Mulinia lateralis, probably reworked and transported landward from skeletal remains offshore. The shell bed has an erosional base, is bioclast supported, normally graded and has common mud rip‐up clasts. Similarities between the modern shell bed and another concentrated shell deposit, forming part of a sandy beach ridge some 1.5 km inland, suggest that the palaeo shell deposit is also a tempestite recording hurricane washover of a former shoreline 600 a ago. These findings demonstrate that the shell bed deposited by Hurricane Ike is a valuable analogue for palaeotempestological investigations and that hurricanes have likely contributed to the construction of both modern berm ridges and palaeo beach ridges on this coastal plain. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lessons from the 2003 Tokachi-oki, Japan, earthquake for prediction of long-period strong ground motions and sloshing damage to oil storage tanks

The 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake (M _w 8.0) in northern Japan generated large-amplitude long-period (4–8 s) ground motions in the Yufutsu sedimentary basin, causing severe damage to seven large oil storage tanks with floating roof structures because of severe sloshing of oil. The 30,000–40,000-m³ tanks having suffered the severe damage such as fires and sinking of floating roofs experienced the sloshing with large amplitudes exceeding 3 m in which the fundamental mode was predominant. The second mode of sloshing was also excited in the 110,000-m³ tanks in which their floating roofs sank into oil, indicating that the higher modes of sloshing as well as the fundamental mode should be considered in damage prediction. The strong ground motion recordings demonstrated the earthquake dependency of predominant periods and the substantial spatial variation of the long-period shaking observed within the Yufutsu basin, meaning the necessity of source- and site-specific prediction of long-period strong ground motions. The two-dimensional numerical modeling suggested the importance of detailed structures of soft near-surface sediments as well as deep basin structure for accurate prediction of long-period strong ground motions in deep sedimentary basins.     

水平井的水力特征及其解析解的适用条件

利用自制的水平井砂槽模型, 进行了一系列不同流量条件下的水平井抽水试验, 结果表明: (1)在不同出流条件下, 水平井井管中可以同时出现层流-粗糙紊流多种不同流态; (2) 水平井出流条件下, 井管中的水头损失既不能忽略, 也不服从线性变化规律.它与井管中的水流流态有关.用“等水头井壁”或“等强度线汇”来刻画水平井井壁边界条件是不全面的.根据“等强度线汇”理论得到的解析解与试验结果对比发现, 本试验条件下解析解的近似适用条件是: 水平井管中的水流全部为层流(Re < 2 320)或者层流和层流-光滑紊流过渡区(Re < 4 000)同时并存的情况.当水平井管中出现光滑紊流区(Re> 4 000), 即同时有层流、层流-光滑紊流过渡态和光滑紊流或更多种流态时, 解析解已不再适用, 此时必须用新的层流-管流耦合模型来求解.      

西南峰丛山区分散供水模式及存在的问题

西南峰丛区居民主要采用溶井、水柜与水窖三种模式进行分散式供水,其水源分别来自地下河、岩溶泉及雨水。水柜供水适用于有使用价值的泉水出露的峰丛山区,溶井供水主要适用于有竖井的峰丛洼地底部及溶丘谷地边缘,水窖供水多用于地势较高、地表垂向岩溶极为发育、仅有雨水可供利用的峰丛山区。在大量调查与实际工程基础上,本文分别对三种供水模式的设计思路、设计参数与施工中的注意事项进行了详细论述,并给出了分散供水模式的设计示意图。分散供水目前存在的主要问题是选址布局不合理、设计与施工不科学以及水质安全得不到保障,对分散供水工程进行储水、供水与水处理一体化优化设计是保障水质安全的可靠手段。      

Scaling of transient wave–soil interaction problems

Within the framework of compressible multi‐phase flow through deformable porous media, wave–soil interactions in the near‐shore region during wave runup and drawdown are modeled. Critical non‐dimensional parameters governing the interaction processes are identified. Within the context of wave basin and centrifuge wave tank facilities, we propose scaling relations for the experimental investigations of the transient and steady‐state responses of wave–soil systems. Numerical simulations are conducted to illustrate and confirm the theoretical and scaling analyses. Based on the simulations results, the implications on the design of experiments and interpretation of results are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Climatic control of the surge periodicity of an Icelandic outlet glacier

Surging outlet glaciers are important in draining large ice caps, but the mechanisms controlling surge periodicities are poorly known. We investigated a sediment sequence from the glacier‐fed Lake Lögurinn in eastern Iceland, and our unique annually resolved data, based on sedimentary varves, imply that Eyjabakkajökull, an outlet glacier of Vatnajökull, began surging about 2200 cal a BP (before 1950 AD). Approximately 1700 cal a BP, the glacier started to surge at a uniform 34‐ to 38‐year periodicity that prevailed until the coldest part of the Little Ice Age when the periodicity almost halved to 21–23 years. Since the late 1800 s the surge periodicity of Eyjabakkajökull has returned to a longer period of 35–40 years. We suggest that surge periodicities of Eyjabakkajökull are forced by climatically driven mass balance changes, which may be a common forcing factor for similar surge‐type outlet glaciers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

直流电法超前探测沙槽模拟实验

直流电法超前探测是研究掘进工作面前方地层电性变化规律,预测掘进面前方含、导水构造的分布和发育情况的一种井下电法探测新技术。本次超前探测实验是通过在沙坑中埋设已知的低阻体,在模拟巷道中布置电极的方式,采用网络并行电法勘测系统将前方已知的物体探测出来。因为资料采集不受外界电流和其他环境的影响,探测结果较为理想,可以较为清楚的反应前方的异常体,验证其电法超前探测的可行性。     

基于DEM和水箱理论识别流域河网方法研究

本文应用水箱原理处理流域DEM数据中存在的洼地问题,提出流域河网识别及编码的新方法。首先,确定洼地网格,搜索洼地区域,计算洼地容量,根据水箱原理确定洼地出口,判断洼地的流向;然后,逐层合并消减洼地,修正洼地水流方向;最后,计算网格集水面积,进行河网识别和编码。本文结合云南东川蒋家沟流域的DEM资料进行河网识别,得到了完整的流域河网,结果与实际勘测的河网完全吻合,这表明应用该方法提取流域河网是可行的,能够为进一步的分布式水文、泥石流、环境模型提供条件。     

海平面上升对北部湾风暴潮增水影响研究——以 2012 年台风“山神”为例

全球变暖引发的海平面上升将加剧风暴潮增水,进而危及沿海经济发展与社会安全保障。本文基于模型耦合与模型嵌套技术构建北部湾台风风暴潮数值模拟系统,以2012年台风"山神"为天气背景,通过设计7组情景模拟研究未来不同海平面上升背景下北部湾风暴潮增水变化。结果表明:风暴潮期间水位从南向北沿北部湾逐渐涌高,最高水位发生在广西沿岸,达2.4 m以上。天文潮和台风风场拖曳力是形成高水位的主要驱动力,其中天文大潮和最大风场拖曳力对最高水位的贡献率分别约占70%和30%。海平面上升对风暴潮增水的影响具有时空非线性和非均一性特征。其中,潮位波动和波-流耦合效应会改变实际最大增水发生时间,导致钦州湾附近高潮位大致提前1天半,海平面上升1.1 m使得最大风暴潮增水大致提前30 min;未来海平面上升0.66～1.1 m将导致北部湾大部分海域风暴潮增水幅度放大6%～10%,广西沿岸钦州湾和大风江河口出现负增加效应,可能与溺谷海湾地形特征有关。研究结果可为未来北部湾沿岸防御风暴潮灾害提供理论依据。     

2012年“苏拉”和“达维”双台风影响的近海风暴潮过程

作为影响我国沿海的主要自然灾害之一,台风风暴潮的产生和影响机制与防灾减灾息息相关。双台风引起的风暴潮因台风强度、路径等相对关系复杂多变,目前双台风相互作用下的风暴潮研究还不充分。采用参数化台风模型对2012年典型双台风"苏拉"和"达维"的风场、气压场过程进行了模拟与融合,并采用ELCIRC模型对双台风作用下的风暴潮过程进行了模拟。引入单台风单独作用的假设算例,探讨了双台风之间对增水、流场的相互影响和影响区域。研究结果表明,虽然两个台风登陆强度相当,但台风"达维"在海州湾海域引起的增水要远大于"苏拉"在台湾、福建海域引起的增水。风暴潮引起的增水及流速变化与台风在海表的风应力密切相关,较大变化幅值分布在台风行进路径的右侧。与台风单独作用时相比,台风"苏拉"与"达维"引起的风暴潮增水与流速变化在两者相互作用下均有所削弱,其中"苏拉"引起的风暴潮受到的影响更大。双台风风暴潮之间的非线性效应在不同区域的强度存在差异,在台风"苏拉"主要影响区域内非线性效应较强,其他区域则相对较弱。以上结果表明产生风暴潮较弱的台风一方对气象环境敏感性更高,风暴潮的响应更显著。