尾矿渗透破坏及其导波监测试验研究

采用自主设计的尾矿渗透破坏仪,模拟上游水位不断升高,水力梯度持续增加的情况下尾矿发生渗透破坏的全过程。总结了尾矿渗透破坏现象和演化过程,分析了尾矿中的孔隙水压力和弯曲导波参数随时间的变化规律,研究了尾矿渗透破坏过程中弯曲导波信号b值和分形维数的演化规律。根据孔隙水压力和弯曲导波特征参数的变化特征,提出尾矿渗透破坏等级的评价标准。结果表明：（1）在尾矿渗透破坏过程中,孔隙水压力随着水力梯度的增加而增加,但当水力梯度增加到一定程度时,孔隙水压力会出现突降现象。（2）尾矿渗透破坏是一个循序渐进的过程,在这一过程中的弯曲导波参数表现为基本无信号、微弱信号、强信号和剧烈信号,分别对应尾矿正常运行阶段、发展阶段、破坏前期和最终渗透破坏阶段。（3）导波的b值和分形维数在尾矿最终渗透破坏前一直处于低水平状态,在临近渗透破坏时剧烈震荡。（4）通过对弯曲导波参数分析,提出了尾矿渗透破坏程度的量化指标,将尾矿渗透破坏分为4个预警级别,并用蓝、黄、橙、红4种警报颜色对应相应级别的预警。     

Unsaturated hydraulic properties of cemented tailings backfill that contains sodium silicate

Recycling the mine waste (tailings) into cemented tailings backfill has economical and environmental advantages for the mining industry. One of the most recent types of cemented tailings backfill is gelfill (GF), a backfill that contains sodium silicate as chemical additive. GF is typically made of tailings, water, binder and chemical additives (sodium silicate gel). It is a promising mine tailings backfill technology. From a design point of view, the environmental performance or durability of GF structures is considered as a key factor. Due to the fact that GF structures are cementitious tailings, their durability and environmental performance depend on their ability to resist the flow of aggressive elements (water and oxygen). Thus, understanding the unsaturated hydraulic properties of GF is essential for a cost-effective, environmentally friendly and durable design of GF structures. However, there is a lack of information with regards to unsaturated hydraulic properties of GF, the factors that affect them and their evolution with time. Hence, the unsaturated hydraulic properties (water retention curve (WRC) or water characteristic curve, air entry value (AEV), residual water content, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity) of GF are investigated in this paper. GF samples of various compositions and cured in room temperature for different times (3, 7, 28, and 90 days) are considered. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and microstructural tests have been conducted; WRCs are measured by using a WP4-T dewpoint potentiameter and the saline solution method. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is predicted using the van Genuchten (1980) equation. The water retention curve (WRC) is determined as the relationship between volumetric water content and suction for each GF mix and curing time. The van Genuchten (1980) equation is used to simulate the WRC to best-fit the experimental data. AEV and residual water content are also computed for each mix and curing time. Furthermore, functions are developed to predict the evolution of AEVs, residual water content and fitting parameters of the van Genuchten model with degree of hydration. Important outcomes have been achieved with regards to unsaturated hydraulic properties. The unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of GF was calculated to decrease when the suction, binder content, and degree of hydration increase. The effects of binder content and degree of hydration are more obvious at low suction ranges. The obtained results would contribute to a better design and assessment of the durability and environmental performance of GF structures.     

全国尾矿地球化学调查:需求及工作思路

尾矿资源综合利用是解决我国资源与环境问题的重要途径之一。从我国尾矿具有的巨大潜在资源价值及生态环境有害效应出发,得出全面实施全国尾矿地球化学调查与评价是尾矿综合利用和矿区生态环境保护的迫切需要的认识,介绍了全国尾矿地球化学调查的基本思路及方法技术,展望了尾矿地球化学调查成果资料的应用前景。     

以秸秆为微生物碳源的尾矿原位修复:动态实验的初步分析

对铜陵相思谷尾矿砂中的重金属在生物和非生物条件下的淋滤行为进行了研究。设置两个动态反应柱进行实验(实验柱填充尾矿砂+污泥+秸秆,对照柱仅填充尾矿砂,进水SO42-1000 mg/L,pH 7.5)。结果表明,实验初期(0~20 d)实验柱出水重金属浓度明显高于对照柱,归因于柱内微生物加速了矿物分解和重金属的淋滤;此后实验柱出水SO42-浓度逐渐降低,同时Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、总Fe浓度分别降至0.1 mg/L、0.1 mg/L0、.4 mg/L和1 mg/L以下。据此推测,实验柱中出现了微生物作用下的硫酸盐还原作用,生成了可以吸持重金属的硫化物沉淀。研究结果表明,以稻草为碳源、污泥为微生物接种源构建尾矿砂-微生物体系,能够有效还原硫酸盐并去除重金属,该方法可以用于矿山尾矿的原位修复。     

氧化亚铁硫杆菌促进金川铜镍硫化矿尾矿砂提取有价金属实验研究

金川铜镍硫化矿尾矿砂数量巨大,其中Ni、Cu和Co等有价金属种类较多,含量较为丰富,蕴含着巨大的经济价值。本文研究了氧化亚铁硫杆菌对金川铜镍尾矿砂提取有价金属效果的影响,在选取金川新尾矿库中心钻孔尾矿砂样品与氧化亚铁硫杆菌作用不同时间的基础上进行化学酸溶,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)分析了溶液中Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺、Co²⁺含量,并通过离子浸出率来表征微生物对尾矿中有价金属提取的影响效果。结果表明,尾矿砂直接化学酸溶后Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺浸出率分别为73.78%和69.87%,Co²⁺浸出率仅为39.57%;而氧化亚铁硫杆菌先与尾矿砂作用后再进行硫酸酸溶,其Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺总浸出率均可达到90%以上,Co²⁺总浸出率也可达到70%以上。实验结果证明氧化亚铁硫杆菌的参与促进了尾矿砂中Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺、Co²⁺的浸出。     

安徽铜陵杨山冲浅层富硫化物尾矿中砷的赋存状态

含硫化物尾矿常常释放大量的酸性排水和重金属,污染地下水、地表水和土壤,破坏生态系统,因此日益成为人们关注的焦点。本文以安徽铜陵杨山冲尾矿库浅层富硫化物尾矿为研究对象,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、电子探针(EPMA)、粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、光电子能谱(XPS)和同步辐射近边吸收精细结构谱(XANES)等方法,系统分析了尾矿中砷的赋存形式,发现尾矿中的砷有3种价态: As(-Ⅰ)、As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)。在风化较弱的下部尾矿中,砷以As(-Ⅰ)、As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的形式赋存;而强烈风化的表层尾矿中只检测到As(Ⅴ)的存在。从下部到表层,从低价态的As(-Ⅰ)和As(Ⅲ)逐渐变为高价态的As(Ⅴ)。下部尾矿中的砷主要赋存于黄铁矿中,而表层尾矿中的砷主要赋存在铁的(氢)氧化物和硫酸盐中。     

铝土矿选矿尾矿特性

运用X射线衍射、N2吸附实验、扫描电子显微分析、等离子光谱等多种测试方法对铝土矿选矿尾矿特性进行了研究,揭示了尾矿一些不被关注的性质,诸如铁矿物的嵌布粒度、比表面积随煅烧温度的变化、煅烧对尾矿及其中各矿物化学反应活性的影响以及各主要矿物对磷酸根离子的吸附能力等。这些性质可望在研究废水处理、尾矿增白时得到应用。     

某铀尾矿库区地下水238^U迁移模拟

将铀尾矿库核素迁移问题概括为均质多孔介质中稳定的二维水流条件下的三维溶质迁移问题,利用Visual Modflow软件（MT3D）采用全隐式差分法对某铀尾矿库放射性核素迁移进行了模拟研究,模拟值结果与浓度实测值较吻合,揭示了尾矿库放射性核素时空迁移规律。     

渗流与地震作用下铁矿尾矿坝稳定性分析

尾矿坝有别于传统的挡水坝体,其堆积材料具有松散性、非均匀性及填筑质量不可控性等特点,常常在地震、强降雨等不利因素作用下发生溃坝灾害,严重危及人民生命财产安全。合理评判尾矿坝坝体在不同工况下的稳定性状是科学防灾减灾的前提。本文以内蒙古包钢集团某铁矿尾矿坝为研究对象,通过现场勘察与室内外试验,初步评价尾矿坝堆积体的稳定性,获取稳定性分析所需的物理力学参数;考虑强降雨渗流及地震作用,分别采用Geo-studio及STAB土质边坡稳定性分析软件,基于极限平衡法进行天然工况、暴雨工况、地震工况及暴雨+地震工况下的稳定性计算;基于有限元强度折减法,采用ABAQUS软件针对上述工况进行尾矿坝体稳定性对比计算;综合分析了三种稳定性计算方法在潜在滑带识别及稳定性计算成果等方面的差异,建议了极限平衡法与有限元分析相结合的复杂工况下尾矿坝稳定性分析方法。分析结果表明:渗流与地震作用下某铁矿2#尾矿坝段处于欠稳定状态,其余坝段处于稳定状态,为该尾矿库溃坝危险性评价提供了科学依据。     

The nature and engineering behavior of carbonate soils at Bombay High,India

Abstract

This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation undertaken to study the nature of two submarine carbonate soils from Bombay High off the west coast of India, as well as to study the shear and plasticity behavior of their sand and silt‐clay fractions, respectively. Scanning electron micrographs reveal that the carbonate content in both soils is comprised primarily of nonskeletal particles of various types. X‐ray diffraction and infrared absorption analyses indicate that in one soil the carbonate fraction consists of calcite and aragonite minerals, whereas in the other soil dolomite is also present. The non‐carbonate fraction of both soils is comprised primarily of quartz and feldspar, and also some clay minerals. The nature of the carbonate fraction of the two soils indicates that they were formed by different depositional processes.

During drained triaxial shear the nonskeletal sand grains of both soils exhibit a lower degree of crushing when compared with that of the skeletal carbonate sands, and thus appear to be stronger foundation material.

Although the carbonate contents of the silt‐clay fractions of the two soils are similar, they exhibit markedly different plasticity characteristics . This is probably because of the microlevel cementation produced by carbonate material in one soil.

This study leads one to the conclusion that carbonate content alone should not be treated as a parameter which controls the engineering behavior of submarine soils; the nature and form of carbonate material must also be identified.