THE FORMULATION OF FIDELITY SCHEMES OF PHYSICAL CONSERVATION LAWS AND IMPROVEMENTS ON A TRADITIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL OF BAROCLINIC PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS FOR NUMERICAL PREDICTION*

In this paper,two formulation theorems of time-difference fidelity schemes for general quadratic and cubic physical conservation laws are respectively constructed and proved,with earlier major conserving time-discretized schemes given as special cases.These two theorems can provide new mathematical basis for solving basic formulation problems of more types of conservative time-discrete fidelity schemes,and even for formulating conservative temporal-spatial discrete fidelity schemes by combining existing instantly conserving space-discretized schemes.Besides.the two theorems can also solve two large categories of problems about linear and nonlinear computational instability.The traditional global spectral-vertical finite-difference semi-implicit model for baroclinic primitive equations is currently used in many countries in the world for operational weather forecast and numerical simulations of general circulation.The present work,however,based on Theorem 2 formulated in this paper,develops and realizes a high-order total energy conserving semi-implicit time-difference fidelity scheme for global spectral-vertical finite-difference model of baroclinic primitive equations.Prior to this,such a basic formulation problem remains unsolved for long,whether in terms of theory or practice.The total energy conserving semi-implicit scheme formulated here is applicable to real data long-term numerical integration.The experiment of thirteen FGGE data 30-day numerical integration indicates that the new type of total energy conserving semi-implicit fidelity scheme can surely modify the systematic deviation of energy and mass conserving of the traditional scheme.It should be particularly noted that,under the experiment conditions of the present work,the systematic errors induced by the violation of physical laws of conservation in the time-discretized process regarding the traditional scheme designs(called type Z errors for short) can contribute up to one-third of the total systematic root-mean-square(RMS) error at the end of second week of the integration and exceed one half of the total amount four weeks afterwards.In contrast,by realizing a total energy conserving semi-implicit fidelity scheme and thereby eliminating corresponding type Z errors,roughly an average of one-fourth of the RMS errors in the traditional forecast cases can be reduced at the end of second week of the integration,and averagely more than one-third reduced at integral time of four weeks afterwards.In addition,experiment results also reveal that,in a sense,the effects of type Z errors are no less great than that of the real topographic forcing of the model.The prospects of the new type of total energy conserving fidelity schemes are very encouraging.     

土地持续利用研究进展

自1990年印度农业研究会、美国农业部和美国Rodale研究所在新德里举行的首次国际土地持续利用研讨会上提出土地持续利用思想以后,国内外众多学者和研究机构对土地持续利用展开了广泛的研究。在明确土地持续利用概念和内涵的基础上,本文回顾、总结了国内外土地持续利用研究进展：首先阐述了土地持续利用研究的目标和内容,其次从土地合理利用的系统分析、土地合理利用评价和综合研究模型三个方面论述了国际土地持续利用研究进展,并且对国内近年来土地持续利用的研究内容进行分类总结和评述,最后阐述了目前研究中的问题和今后研究展望。     

DNA条形码技术在鱼类浮游生物鉴定中的应用及研究展望

鱼类浮游生物的准确鉴定是鱼类浮游生物研究的基础。传统的基于形态特征的鉴定不仅费时费力,而且由于缺乏足够信息,鉴定存在困难,导致物种多样性被低估。为了对物种进行准确、快速地鉴定,急需在传统形态分类学基础上,建立并结合便捷准确的分子鉴定手段。DNA条形码技术是利用一段较短的DNA序列实现快速准确物种鉴定的工具,就像在商店里扫描仪读取条形码那样,对每一种生物也能通过快速分析其DNA中的一小段(线粒体细胞色素c氧化酶I亚基,mt COI)加以识别。DNA条形码提供了可信息化的分类标准和有效的分类学手段,已成为近年来生物类群的研究热点。文章介绍了DNA条形码的概念、原理、工作流程及其优点,分析了其在鱼类浮游生物鉴定中的应用可行性,并展望未来鱼类浮游生物学发展的前景:分子技术鉴定鱼类浮游生物相关规范标准的建立,传统形态鉴定与分子方法相结合的分类学研究,以及鱼类浮游生物的生态学研究。     

数据采集中离群值的处理及误差分析

当信号的分布类型为已知,且在同一测点上总测量次数足够多时,可以通过控制舍弃离群值数所占总测量数的比例,将这种舍弃可能产生的系统误差限制在允许范围内。在数据处理阶段,则可根据舍弃比例和因舍弃而致偏的实测信号的均值,求出待测信号的数学期望的无偏估计值。     

区域地球化学异常系统评价的思路与方法

在深入分析我国现行区域地球化学异常综合评价方法存在的某些不足的基础上，提出了以系统论为指导的、以异常形成机制分析为基础的区域地球化学异常系统评价的思路与方法。并以陇南地区的金异常评价为例，对该评价体系的具体思路与方法作了系统介绍。     

成都平原典型土系分类与其生产性和生态环境特征

以国际土壤系统分类的基层单元的划分原理和方法 ,研究建立了成都平原的土系。本文介绍了其中的长丘系、水口村系和界牌系等三个典型土系 ,并分别划分了其所属土族。通过研究土系的生态环境特征和土壤的生产性能 ,使土系划分在农业生产和区域生态环境建设上更有实用性。同时在土族划分上采用土壤微形态技术 ,使其划分依据更科学。本文的研究结果对土壤基层分类有一定的指导意义。     

大别山五大水库区社会经济发展系统分析与反贫困策略

大别山五大水库区是我国国家级贫困县集中分布地区，经过“八七”扶贫攻坚，库区社会经济和环境面貌发生较大变化，但返贫现象比较严重，库区的可持续发展能力弱。本文在五大库区现状全面调查的基础上，对库区贫困和返贫的根源进行系统分析，并提出库区社会经济发展与反贫策略。     

系统锚杆对三峡船闸高边坡岩体加固作用的块体相似模型试验研究

通过室内相似模型试验，对三峡船闸高边坡岩体的分离块体经系统锚杆加固后，其抗压强度、弹性模量及Ｃ、值的提高、锚固岩体的各向异性进行了初步研究，得出了相应的结论。     

Inoceramid bivalves from the Turonian/Coniacian (Cretaceous) boundary in Romania: revisions of Simonescu's (1899) material from Ürmös (Ormenis), Transylvania

Simionescu's (1899) inoceramid material from the topmost Turonian/Lower Coniacian of Ürmös (Ormenis), Transylvania, Romania contains ten species which are for the first time photographically illustrated. Of four new forms described by Simionescu (1899a), three referred here toMytiloides carpathicus(Simionescu),Cremnoceramus globosus(Simionescu), andC. transilvanicus(Simionescu), represent valid species. The type of the fourth species,Inoceramus kilianiSimionesu, represents a deformed specimen of an undetermined Late Turonian mytiloid, while the name is formally a junior synonym ofVolviceramus involutus(J. de C. Sowerby). The assemblage is time equivalent of the inoceramid association described from the Krebitz-Zittauer (Saxony, Germany) Cretaceous by Andert (1911) but, contrary to suggestions of Heinz (1930), the forms described by Andert and Simionescu are not conspecific.     

大连沿海蓝藻植物新记录

报道 6种产自大连沿海的蓝藻植物 ,分别为栖石隐杆藻 Aphanothece saxicola Naeg.、色合藻 Chroothece littorinae Tseng et Hua、附钙管鞘藻 H ormathonema ep ilithicum Ercegovic、短丝颤藻 Oscillatoria brevis Kuetzing、丰裕颤藻 Oscillatoria limosa(Dillw.) Ag.ex Gom.、中央席藻海生变种 Phormidium naveanum var.marina Tseng et Hua,它们均是大连沿海新记录。