THE EFFECT OF SYNOPTIC SCALE WEATHER SYSTEMS ON SUB‐SURFACE SOIL TEMPERATURES IN A DIURNAL FROST ENVIRONMENT: PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS FROM SUB‐ANTARCTIC MARION ISLAND

Marion Island in the South Indian Ocean has a maritime climate dominated by diurnal frost processes in the landscape. We test the hypothesis that synoptic time‐scale measurements are essential in understanding the drivers of diurnal frost processes. Preliminary results from automated microclimate measurements in a polar desert habitat show that diurnal soil surface temperatures on Marion Island are influenced by a complex interaction of radiation balance, air mass circulation, cloud cover and snow. The passage of synoptic scale weather systems influences soil thermal characteristics through changes in dominance of the radiation budget. Soil frost on Marion appears to be dependent on clear skies, while synoptic weather systems affect the duration and intensity of soil frost processes and non‐radiative heat fluxes. Air circulation patterns at Marion Island influence diurnal scale temperature fluctuations and its direct and indirect interactions with ecosystem processes. The data suggest that in a maritime sub‐Antarctic environment the climatic drivers of soil frost occur at a finertemporal resolution than for seasonal and permafrost environments and needs to be measured at a diurnal time‐scale to be meaningful.     

广东2009年深秋重旱背景下异常暴雨的特点及成因

在深秋重旱的背景下,2009年11月11～13日广东出现一次少见的暴雨过程,落区主要在干旱严重的粤北和珠江三角洲地区。分析其环流场发现,高纬西风槽东移引导较强冷空气南下,冷暖空气在华南相互作用导致本次暴雨的发生。物理量的诊断和数值模拟结果显示水汽辐合上升释放凝结潜热,对暴雨的维持起到最重要的作用。     

大江截流期间历年强降水过程的天气系统分析

该文利用历史天气图资料，统计了１９６１－１９９４年１０月至次年１月逐次强降水过程，分析了强降水过程的影响天气系统特征及演变规律，其结果有助于实时预报业务做好长江三峡工程大江截流的气象保障工作。     

春季西南热低压的发生发展与结构特征

通过普查1997-2006年3-5月典型西南热低压天气过程,分析其气候特征,归纳热低压的生命史,将其分为4个不同的发展阶段:初生、成熟、相持和填塞.利用台站观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°及2.5°×2.5°再分析资料,对7次典型的春季西南热低压过程进行合成分析,揭示了成熟阶段和填塞阶段热低压结构特征.分析结果表明:在春季西南热低压系统控制下,气压降幅显著,气温升高、相对湿度降低,午后偏南风加大,气象要素具有明显的日变化特征;68％的热低压会给西南地区造成35℃以上的高温,32％的热低压给贵州造成高温.热低压系统为浅薄暖性低压,干区深厚,低压区为辐合区、正涡度区,以上升运动为主,并且是对流性不稳定.热低压填塞阶段,受冷空气侵入,低压北侧偏北风加大,近地层气旋的辐合增强,低压内为高能区,在冷空气的向南推进过程中,易出现强对流天气.     

Mean Kinematic Characteristics of Synoptic Easterly Disturbances over the Atlantic

This study investigates the mean kinematic characteristics of the tropical Atlantic easterly disturbances in January-March(JFM),April-June(AMJ),July-September(JAS)and October-December(OND)from 1968-1998.For each season,the preferential tracks of these disturbances in the 3-10-day band periods were computed and spatialized,as well as their associated wavelength,velocity and main period,which lies between 3-5 days and between 6-9 days depending on the track and the season. Two main tracks are highlighted over the Atlantic Ocean.During OND and JFM these two tracks are well separated and located in each hemisphere around 15°S and 12.5°N.From AMJ to JAS these tracks migrate northward;in JAS,they merge into one over the northern tropical Atlantic along 17.5°N.The associated wavelength fields exhibit a meridional gradient,with large wavelengths(greater than 4000 km) around the equator,between 5°N and 5°S,and smaller wavelengths outside of this latitude band(between 2500-3500 km).The phase speed is also found to exhibit poleward decreasing values from 12-6 m s-1. Over the north Atlantic track,6-9-day disturbances were found to occur from January to May and approximately from October to December.From June to September,the 3-5-day waves dominate the synoptic activity.Over the south Atlantic track,between May and August the synoptic variability is mainly explained by the 3-5-day disturbances but from January to April and from September to December both 3-5-day waves and 6-9-day waves can occur.     

盆地气象学及其一些概念

就盆地气象学的某些问题进行了讨论。     

Chemical composition and its origin in spring rainwater over Taihu Lake

1 INTRODUCTION Rainfall chemical composition is mainly re- sulted from inner-cloud nucleation and under-cloud washing. The aerosol in cloud features regional scales. The concentration and chemical composition of under-cloud aerosol reflect in overall the …     

华北秋季强弱线型对流发展时天气尺度环境条件探讨

华北地区进入秋季以后,弱对流过程增加.为了提高秋季对流天气强度的诊断识别能力,选择了9月份发生在相似背景下,强弱不同的两个线型对流个例作了对比分析.结果表明,强对流发生在深厚的天气尺度上升区中(上升运动伸展到200 hPa附近),而且对流层低层环境大气的绝对湿度较大;而弱对流发展时,上升运动仅存在于500 hPa以下,边界层内的比湿只有5～7 g·kg-1,较强对流个例低2～5 g·kg-1.它们是导致对流强弱不同的主要原因.强对流个例深厚的上升运动源于低层辐合切变线、露点锋和高空槽的强迫,此外对流层上部的强辐散叠置在低层辐合区上空,有利于上升运动加强并向高层发展.弱对流产生时,冷空气侵入到对流层中层以下,造成下沉区的下边界较低,不能产生深厚的上升运动.这是强弱个例垂直运动伸展高度不同的动力因素.热力学条件差异主要在对流层中下层.强对流产生时,对流区内有能量聚积,CAPE达到1087 J·kg-1,而且暖湿层和对流性不稳定层伸展到600～700 hPa.弱对流个例,仅边界层相对暖湿,CAPE只有68J·kg-1.上述关于力和热动力条件差异研究结果表明,天气尺度上升运动伸展的高度、对流层下层空气的绝对湿度、暖湿层和不稳定层的厚度等可能是影响华北秋季对流强弱的重要环境因素.     

不同天气类型短时强降水与地闪特征分析

选取2006—2013年山东8次典型短时强降水（降水强度>20 mm·h-1）个例,并根据降水的天气尺度影响系统分为4种类型,利用山东区域ADTD型闪电定位仪资料,统计各类短时强降水与地闪相关性;结合地闪频数、密度分析地闪与短时强降水的雨强、出现时间、空间分布等特征的相关性。结果表明：1）各类强降水与不同范围地闪的相关性不同,与固定范围内地闪的时间、空间分布特征不同;其中负地闪占绝大多数,正闪比例小,负闪占比越大降水越强;站点周边30 km范围内地闪频数与降水相关性较好,低槽冷锋型强降水与地闪频数相关性最好,其次是低涡切变线型,黄淮气旋型短时强降水与地闪频数相关性差,热带气旋型强降水则与正闪相关性更好。2）地闪频数只对单次过程降水量变化有所指示,不能直接用来判别短时强降水,而地闪频数峰值对于短时强降水预报有一定指示意义;其中后倾型低槽冷锋、西北涡、西南涡型短时强降水地闪频数峰值对于预报短时强降水指示意义较强,冷切变和暖切变型指示意义较小,前倾型低槽冷锋、黄淮气旋、热带气旋型无明显指示意义。3）高地闪密度与短时强降水落区对应较好,但短时强降水并不一定会出现在高地闪密度中心区域;大部分短时强降水极值站高地闪密度中心对应;对于后倾型低槽冷锋、暖切变、西南涡型短时强降水,5次·（10 km）-2·h-1可作为预报参考阈值。     

变形场锋生对0108登陆台风温带变性和暴雨形成作用的诊断分析

2013年10月6—7日台风“菲特”和台风“丹娜丝”影响中国东部,造成区域性大暴雨。利用客观分离方法及数值模拟两种方法辨别两个台风在不同阶段各自的作用。结果表明,对于10月6日区域性大暴雨,客观分离结果和数值模拟结果一致,被识别为主要由台风“菲特”造成的降水。对于10月7日江苏东南部、浙江东北部的区域性大暴雨,客观分离结果表明,两个台风都起到了关键性作用;模式模拟结果表明,强降水与台风“菲特”有直接关联,而与台风“丹娜丝”作用不大。锋生函数也表明,冷空气对强降水也起到了一定的作用。