渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷断裂控藏特征研究

南堡凹陷为渤海湾盆地的一个新生代富生烃凹陷,内部断层十分发育,大量的油气藏都围绕断裂分布。根据断裂平面及剖面组合特征,断裂平面组合样式可分为4种：平行状、交织状、梳状和帚状;剖面组合分为3种：复“y”形组合、花状组合及阶梯式组合。根据断裂、砂体及油气藏的分布特征,发现二级和三级生长断层凹面储集厚度较大、且砂体孔渗性较好,是油气运移的主要方向。反向旋转断层组合的断层下盘和同向旋转断层组合的断层上盘是油气聚集的有利部位。但由于断层带的分带性,上诱导裂缝带相对下诱导裂缝带渗透性好。上诱导裂缝带利于油气运移,下诱导裂缝带利于封堵油气,油气的最有利聚集部位为反向旋转断层组合的下盘。     

Antithetic fault linkages in a deep water fold and thrust belt

Deep water fold and thrust belts consist of both forethrusts and backthrusts that can link along strike to form continuous folds in the overburden. The interaction of faults of opposing dip are termed ‘antithetic thrust fault linkages’ and share the common feature of a switch in vergence of overlying hangingwall anticlines. Using three-dimensional seismic data, on the toe-of-slope of the Niger Delta, linkages are classified into three distinct structural styles. This preliminary classification is based on the vertical extent of faulting within a transfer zones relative to the branch line of the antithetic faults. The stratigraphic level of the lateral tip of the fault, the shape of lateral tip region of a fault plane and the stratal deformation within the transfer zones is also distinctive in each type of fault linkage. A Type 1 linkage comprises faults that overlap exclusively above the level of the branch line. A ‘pop-up’ structure forms within the transfer zone with sediments below remaining planar. The lower tip lines of faults climb stratigraphically towards the linkage zone creating asymmetric, upward-tapering lateral tip regions. In Type 2 linkages fault overlap occurs lower than the level of the branch line such that lateral fault tips are located within the footwall of the counterpart fault. Faulting is thus limited to the deeper section within the transfer zone and creates unfaulted, symmetric, bell-shaped folds in the overburden. Upper tip lines of faults lose elevation within the transfer zone creating asymmetric, downwards-tapering lateral tip regions. In Type 3 linkages both faults continue above and below the branch line within the transfer zone resulting in cross-cutting fault relationships. Horizon continuity across the folds, through the transfer zones, varies significantly with depth and with the type of fault intersection.     

Active tectonic influence on the evolution of drainage and landscape: Geomorphic signatures from frontal and hinterland areas along the Northwestern Himalaya, India

The Kangra Re-entrant in the NW Himalaya is one of the most seismically active regions, falling into Seismic Zone V along the Himalaya. In 1905 the area experienced one of the great Himalayan earthquakes with magnitude 7.8. The frontal fault system – the Himalayan Frontal Thrust (HFT) associated with the foreland fold – Janauri Anticline, along with other major as well as secondary hinterland thrust faults, provides an ideal site to study the ongoing tectonic activity which has influenced the evolution of drainage and landscape in the region. The present study suggests that the flat-uplifted surface in the central portion of the Janauri Anticline represents the paleo-exit of the Sutlej River. It is suggested that initially when the tectonic activity propagated southward along the HFT the Janauri Anticline grew along two separate fault segments (north and south faults), the gap between these two fault and the related folds allowed the Sutlej River to flow across this area. Later, the radial propagation of the faults towards each other resulted in an interaction of the fault tips, which caused the rapid uplift of the area. Rapid uplift resulted in the disruption and longitudinal deflection of the Sutlej river channel. Fluvial deposits on the flat surface suggest that an earlier fluvial system flowed across this area in the recent past. Geomorphic signatures, like the sharp mountain fronts along the HFT in some places, as well as along various hinterland subordinate faults like the Nalagarh Thrust (NaT), the Barsar Thrust (BaT) and the Jawalamukhi Thrust (JMT); the change in the channel pattern, marked by a tight incised meander of the Beas channel upstream of the JMT indicate active tectonic movements in the area. The prominent V-shaped valleys of the Beas and Sutlej rivers, flowing across the thrust fronts, with Vf values ranging from <1.0–1.5 are also suggestive of ongoing tectonic activity along major and hinterland faults. This suggests that not only is the HFT system active, but also the other major and secondary hinterland faults, viz. the MBT, MCT, SnT, NaT, BaT, and the JMT can be shown to have undergone recent tectonic displacement.     

Seismic hazard assessment of the Province of Murcia (SE Spain): analysis of source contribution to hazard

A probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of the Province of Murcia in terms of peak ground acceleration (PGA) and spectral accelerations [SA(T)] is presented in this paper. In contrast to most of the previous studies in the region, which were performed for PGA making use of intensity-to-PGA relationships, hazard is here calculated in terms of magnitude and using European spectral ground-motion models. Moreover, we have considered the most important faults in the region as specific seismic sources, and also comprehensively reviewed the earthquake catalogue. Hazard calculations are performed following the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment (PSHA) methodology using a logic tree, which accounts for three different seismic source zonings and three different ground-motion models. Hazard maps in terms of PGA and SA(0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 s) and coefficient of variation (COV) for the 475-year return period are shown. Subsequent analysis is focused on three sites of the province, namely, the cities of Murcia, Lorca and Cartagena, which are important industrial and tourism centres. Results at these sites have been analysed to evaluate the influence of the different input options. The most important factor affecting the results is the choice of the attenuation relationship, whereas the influence of the selected seismic source zonings appears strongly site dependant. Finally, we have performed an analysis of source contribution to hazard at each of these cities to provide preliminary guidance in devising specific risk scenarios. We have found that local source zones control the hazard for PGA and SA(T ≤ 1.0 s), although contribution from specific fault sources and long-distance north Algerian sources becomes significant from SA(0.5 s) onwards.     

危险率函数在地表破裂型地震危险性评估中的应用—以宁夏灵武断裂为例

在对中国北部板内地区的古地震资料拟合、给出时间相依的统计模型基础上,利用近期获取的灵武断裂有关资料和危险率函数,对灵武断裂未来一定时段的发震潜势和当前地震危险性特征进行了分析,认为该断裂已进入发震时段,在未来10－100年内有发生7．0－7．5级左右地震的潜势。     

地理信息系统空间分析功能的应用

以北天山活动断裂地理信息系统为例,介绍了地理信息系统(ARCVIEW)空间分析功能,如空间选择、空间连接、合并分析、几何量算等;着重讨论了地理信息系统空间分析功能在地震活动性分析、活动断裂分析等方面的应用。     

维纳滤波技术及其在新疆地区重力场划分中的应用

基于维纳滤波原理,应用多层格林等效层模型模拟实测重力场的径向对数功率谱,采用改进的格拉姆-施密特正交化方法计算功率谱密度函数,确保了数值的稳定性,得到了较为满意的结果。通过理论模型实验,证实了利用维纳滤波方法提取深部场时可以保证低频成分不衰减的功能,能够较为精确地提取区域异常,从而实现频率域中位场的分离。运用维纳滤波方法对新疆地区布格重力异常进行了分离处理,获得了基于最佳滤波原理计算的新疆地区区域重力异常,并根据新疆地区布格异常和区域场特征,划分了9条深大断裂和5个一级构造单元。     

Geo-mechanical and rheological modelling of upper crustal faults and their near-surface expression in the Netherlands

The pattern of fault reactivation, basin deformation and concentration of seismicity along the main trans-Netherlands fault zone, located NW–SE across the centre of the Netherlands, indicates that this zone is a major zone of weakness. Gravity modelling reveals after back-stripping of the sedimentary succession a distinctive continuous positive anomaly that can be explained by lithospheric sources. This zone of weakness is therefore likely to have a major influence on the tectonic processes currently active in the Netherlands region. We give a review of the tectonic history of the Netherlands and then present the results of a quantitative study of the reactivation of basin boundary faults and the influence on the surrounding basin. Well-data, balanced and back-stripped cross-sections are used to constrain the lithosphere rheology. The lithosphere rheology modelling results show a weak coupling between upper crustal deformation and the subcrustal lithosphere. A finite element modelling approach focussing on the upper crust is carried out in which the basin boundary faults are assigned various dips. The modelling results indicate that, for continuous reactivation of basin boundary faults, the presence of both a pre-existing weakness and a reduced friction angle is required. The latter implies that large displacements accommodated by primary faults cannot be directly attributed to the relative weakness of these faults compared to the secondary faults, which is in close accordance with inferences from trenching. A reduced friction angle has a significant effect on lithospheric strength and appears to be the major controlling factor in the reactivation of basin boundary faults.