Validation of Landslide Susceptibility Maps; Examples and Applications from a Case Study in Northern Spain

A procedure for validating landslide susceptibility maps wasapplied in a study area in northern Spain and the results obtained compared. Validationwas used to carry out sensitivity analysis for individual variables and combinationsof variables. The validity of different map-making methods was tested, as well as theutility of different types of Favourability Functions. The results obtained show thatvalidation is essential to determine the predictive value of susceptibility maps. Italso helps to better select the most suitable function and significant variables, thus improving the efficiency of the mapping process. Validation based on a temporal strategy makes it possible to derive hazard maps from susceptibility maps.     

Recovering magnetic susceptibility from electromagnetic data over a one-dimensional earth

While the inversion of electromagnetic data to recover electrical conductivity has received much attention, the inversion of those data to recover magnetic susceptibility has not been fully studied. In this paper we invert frequency-domain electromagnetic (EM) data from a horizontal coplanar system to recover a 1-D distribution of magnetic susceptibility under the assumption that the electrical conductivity is known. The inversion is carried out by dividing the earth into layers of constant susceptibility and minimizing an objective function of the susceptibility subject to fitting the data. An adjoint Green's function solution is used in the calculation of sensitivities, and it is apparent that the sensitivity problem is driven by three sources. One of the sources is the scaled electric field in the layer of interest, and the other two, related to effective magnetic charges, are located at the upper and lower boundaries of the layer. These charges give rise to a frequency-independent term in the sensitivities. Because different frequencies penetrate to different depths in the earth, the EM data contain inherent information about the depth distribution of susceptibility. This contrasts with static field measurements, which can be reproduced by a surface layer of magnetization. We illustrate the effectiveness of the inversion algorithm on synthetic and field data and show also the importance of knowing the background conductivity. In practical circumstances, where there is no a priori information about conductivity distribution, a simultaneous inversion of EM data to recover both electrical conductivity and susceptibility will be required.     

Determination and application of the weights for landslide susceptibility mapping using an artificial neural network

The purpose of this study is the development, application, and assessment of probability and artificial neural network methods for assessing landslide susceptibility in a chosen study area. As the basic analysis tool, a Geographic Information System (GIS) was used for spatial data management and manipulation. Landslide locations and landslide-related factors such as slope, curvature, soil texture, soil drainage, effective thickness, wood type, and wood diameter were used for analyzing landslide susceptibility. A probability method was used for calculating the rating of the relative importance of each factor class to landslide occurrence. For calculating the weight of the relative importance of each factor to landslide occurrence, an artificial neural network method was developed. Using these methods, the landslide susceptibility index (LSI) was calculated using the rating and weight, and a landslide susceptibility map was produced using the index. The results of the landslide susceptibility analysis, with and without weights, were confirmed from comparison with the landslide location data. The comparison result with weighting was better than the results without weighting. The calculated weight and rating can be used to landslide susceptibility mapping.     

Magnetic susceptibility of ultrahigh pressure eclogite: The role of retrogression

Retrograde metamorphism played the dominant role in changing the low-field rock magnetic properties and density of 198 specimens of variably retrograded eclogites from the main borehole of the Chinese Continental Scientific Drilling Project (CCSD) and from surface outcrops in the Donghai area in the southern part of the Sulu UHP belt, China. Bulk magnetic susceptibility (κ) of unretrogressed UHP eclogite is controlled by whole-rock chemical composition and ranges from 397 to 2312 μSI with principal magnetic susceptibility carrying minerals paramagnetic garnet, omphacite, rutile and phengite. Partially retrograded eclogites show large variations in magnetic susceptibility between 804 and 24,277 μSI, with high mean magnetic susceptibility values of 4372 ± 4149 μSI caused by appreciable amounts of Fe-Ti oxide minerals such as magnetite, ilmenite and/or titanohematite produced by retrograde metamorphic reactions. Completely retrograded eclogites have lower susceptibilities of 1094 ± 600 μSI and amphibolite facies mineral assemblages lacking high magnetic susceptibility minerals. Jelínek's corrected anisotropy (P_j) of eclogites ranges from 1.001 to 1.540, and shows a positive correlation with low-field magnetic susceptibility (κ). Arithmetic mean bulk density (ρ) shows a steady decrease from 3.54 ± 0.11 g/cm³ (fresh eclogite) to 2.98 ± 0.06 g/cm³ (completely retrograded eclogite). Retrograde metamorphic changes in mineral composition during exhumation appear to be the major factor causing variations in low field magnetic susceptibility and anisotropy. Retrograde processes must be taken into account when interpreting magnetic surveys and geophysical well logs in UHP metamorphic terranes, and petrophysical properties such as density and low-field magnetic susceptibility could provide a means for semi-quantifying the degree of retrogression of eclogite during exhumation.     

烧变岩岩石学及稀土元素地球化学特征

烧变岩的研究有益于对煤层形成以来所经历的构造运动、古气候和古地理的探讨.为了获得有关烧变岩基本特征的数据资料, 本文利用扫描电镜、能谱测试、古地磁及ICP-MS等测试手段对陕北神木地区烧变岩进行了系统的岩石学及稀土元素地球化学的分析研究.剖面上将烧变岩分成烧熔岩和烧烤岩两个序列.扫描电镜观察及能谱测试显示, 各矿物均显示烧熔迹象, 除伊利石外未发现其他类型粘土矿物; 磁化率测试显示烧变岩具异常高的磁化率; 地球化学分析显示烧变岩稀土元素配分特征近于沉积岩(原岩) 特征; 纵向剖面上, 随烧变程度增大(由烧烤岩至烧熔岩) 其稀土元素总量逐渐减小, 烧熔岩稀土元素总含量较烧烤岩的要明显低; 另外, 烧熔岩表现为较明显的Ce负异常, 而烧烤岩则表现为无Ce异常, 有些甚至表现为偏正异常.      

琼东南盆地超压系统泄压带: 可能的天然气聚集场所

泄压带是超压系统内部流体向外运移的通道和有利的油气聚集场所, 对水溶相天然气析离成藏更有着重要意义.本文综合应用速度谱、测井、钻井和地层测试等资料预测了琼东南盆地超压系统的分布, 将其划分为3种结构类型; 结合粘土分析等资料识别出了4种类型的泄压带, 并讨论了泄压带的分布与可能的天然气聚集区带.琼东南盆地中央坳陷带整体发育一个超压系统, 其分布格局主要受陆坡带的形成和莺歌海盆地超压传递的影响, 陆坡区的超压明显强于非陆坡区, 西部的超压整体强于东部并在浅部呈现自西向东传递的趋势.泄压带内的天然气成藏主要取决于压力、温度和溶解气量, 需满足溶解气量足够多和溶解度变化量足够大, 相对而言, Ⅱ型泄压带成藏条件最优, 既有断裂沟通深部水溶气和浅部储层, 又有温压条件的显著变化, 因而流体运移最活跃.Ⅲ型泄压带次之, 但分布最广, 该类型最有利部位分布在陵水低凸起和宝岛凹陷北坡.      

断裂密集带在油运聚成藏中的作用——以三肇凹陷和尚2井区块扶杨油层为例

为研究三肇凹陷和尚2井区块扶杨油层油气成藏规律,采用断裂密集带与油气分布叠合的方法,分析断裂密集带在油气成藏分布中的作用.结果表明:三肇凹陷扶杨油层发育35条断裂密集带,尚2井区块扶杨油层发育9条断裂密集带;油主要分布在断裂密集带两侧,少量分布在断裂密集带内部.断裂密集带对油运移的控制作用表现在2方面:(1)断裂密集带边界断裂为油输导断裂;(2)断裂密集带不利于油横穿其侧向运移,但可沿其侧向运移.断裂密集带对油聚集的控制作用表现在2方面:(1)断裂密集带两侧的地垒和断阶构造是油聚集的有利部位;(2)断裂密集带内部的背形构造也是油聚集的有利部位.     

黄土沉积物原生组分磁化率与风力的物质分选

本研究选取我国西北地区典型荒漠表土和黄土-古土壤序列样品为研究对象,探讨黄土沉积物及其潜在物源区表土的原生磁性矿物浓度在不同粒级间的变化规律、黄土剖面中粒度与磁化率的关系,以验证中国黄土沉积物中磁性组分在搬运过程中是否存在分选作用及其变化规律。来自西北地区表土的地质证据表明,磁性组分主要集中于>63 μm和31~63 μm粒径组分,并以后者的含量最高;与之相对应,黄土沉积中原生磁性组分主要集中于31~63 μm粒径组分,但>63 μm粒径组分不再是主要载磁组分,其磁性显著低于31~63 μm粒径组分。同时,多个剖面的证据表明黄土沉积的原生磁化率与31~63 μm粒径组分的含量是同相位变化的,进一步支持沉积物中原生组分的磁化率受到风动力的分选作用影响。需要强调的是,沉积物原生磁化率的主要载磁粒径组分为31~63 μm的颗粒物,而并非最粗粒组分。本研究结果暗示,相较于沉积物的全样粒度,干旱半干旱地区风成沉积的磁化率在指示古风场强度方面具有潜力。