滇东北拱王山地区全新世以来的气候环境变化

对滇北拱王山狐狸房峰南侧老碳房村附近冰蚀湖相沉积剖面进行粒度、磁化率分析,结合^14C年代,建立了8．4ka至今的古气候环境变化序列。全新世早期以来经历5次较明显的气候波动：8．4—7．7ka,磁化率（xlf）变化在1．62-3．88μm^3kg^-1,粒度平均值为5．46φ,气候凉湿;7．7～6．5ka,粒度均值为5．83φ,磁化率降低,变化在1．44-2．28μm^3kg^-1。之间,气候冷湿;6．5-4．7ka,粒度均值为5．95φ,磁化率值变化在1．53—3．65μm^3kg^-1之间,气候冷干;4．7-2．1ka,粒度均值为5．91φ,磁化率增加,变化在2．0—5．2μm^3kg^-1。之间,气候凉湿;2．1ka以来,粒径平均值为5．63φ,磁化率值显著增加,介于3．44-6．33μm^3kg^-1。之间,平均值为4．80μm^3kg^-1,气候以暖湿为主。     

基于粗糙集的支持向量机滑坡易发性评价

区域滑坡易发性评价对灾害中长期预测预报具有重要意义。以三峡库区秭归至巴东段为研究区,利用粗糙集理论对20个初始评价因子进行属性约简,去掉冗余或干扰信息,得到13个核心评价因子,并以此作为支持向量机的输入特征集,构建支持向量机模型,实现滑坡易发性评价。在易发性分区图中高易发区占8.2%,主要分布在童庄河右岸、归州河沿岸、青干河左岸、树坪至范家坪长江右岸、牛口到东壤口长江左岸和巴东附近;不易发区占 52.7%,主要分布于店子湾至巴东旧城以及远离长江水系及植被覆盖度高的区域。通过验证与分析,粗糙集-支持向量机模型在高中易发区中的预测精度为85.6%,其预测能力优于支持向量机模型;与野外调查对比,预测结果与实际情况吻合较好。研究表明,应用粗糙集和支持向量机相结合进行滑坡易发性评价具有预测能力强、计算效率高等优点。     

河北任丘剖面河湖相沉积及全新世水文气候事件

河北平原中部任丘剖面厚达12 m的河湖相沉积和多层的泥炭为该地区环境演变研究提供了基础.根据测年结果、沉积物的粒度、磁化率等代用指标分析,重建了该地区11 640 cal.aBP以来的环境演化序列.对粒度、磁化率的变化及其反映的水文气候事件进行了解释.对于东部湿润地区的开放型湖泊而言,粒度仍然可以很好地反映气候干湿变化规律;而在河湖相交替沉积的地区,磁化率有两种赋存机制,在河流相沉积中其赋含在粗粒碎屑物质中,而当湖泊生产力相当旺盛的时候其与平均粒径呈负相关,但是与小于10 μm粒径呈显著正相关.全新世以来该地区经历了3次湖泊扩张时期,年龄分别为9 500～9 050、8 110～7 240、5 670～3 300 cal.aBP.另外,较为明显的河道前进事件有两次,分别发生在9 050～8 110和6 700～6 500 cal.aBP,此时湖泊严重收缩,河道占据原来的湖盆位置.     

九孔鲍肠道及其养殖水体中弧菌抗药性的研究

为更好地防治鲍鱼病害的发生和流行,我们对分离自广东汕尾粤顺鲍鱼养殖场九孔鲍肠道及其养殖水体的弧菌菌株的耐药性进行了研究。对所分离鉴定的菌株进行了16种抗生素药物敏感性试验。结果表明,对绝大多数分离的菌株,四环素、青霉素G、卡那霉素、丁胺卡那霉素和新生霉素都不敏感或无作用,氟哌酸、红霉素、氯霉素以及环丙沙星等则均比较敏感：复方新诺明、链霉素和多粘霉素B对所有所实验的菌株均有作用。     

中国大陆科学钻探主孔高铁钛榴辉岩的磁性岩石学

中国大陆科学钻探(CCSD) 主孔中318~380m (A)、420~470m (B) 和530~600m (C) 深度分布三段高铁钛榴辉岩, 它们具有高全铁(FeO_T) (平均15.36%、14.09%和20.83%)、高TiO₂ (平均3.89%、3.28%和4.10%) 和低SiO₂ (平均44.64%、48.64%和41.10%) 含量分布特征.岩石磁性测量结果表明, A段样品为低磁化率(平均3.61×10-7m3·kg-1)、低天然剩余磁化强度(平均0.12×10-3Am2·kg-1) 和低Q值(平均8.03);B段样品为高磁化率(平均12.55×10-7m3·kg-1) 和中等天然剩余磁化强度(平均1.47×10-3Am2·kg-1) 及Q值(平均26.42);C段样品磁化率介于A、B段之间(平均9.73×10-7m3·kg-1), 而天然剩余磁化强度(平均10.05×10-3Am2·kg-1) 和Q值(平均138.571) 最大.岩石磁学和岩相学研究表明, A、B两段样品代表了新鲜或轻度退变质榴辉岩的磁性特征, 但就研究的代表性样品的磁性岩石学特征而言, B段样品显示的退变质程度稍高于A段; C段榴辉岩样品密度最大, 主要为新鲜榴辉岩, 氧逸度明显高于A、B两段样品, 且存在大量出溶过程形成的以薄层结构为标志特征的赤铁矿-钛铁矿固溶体, 可能是样品高天然剩磁的主要原因.      

新疆表土磁学性质及其环境意义

在新疆地区采集了331块表土样品,分析了样品的磁性特征(磁性矿物种类、磁性矿物含量和粒径组成)及其环境意义。结果指示新疆地区表土磁性特征存在较大的区域差异。北疆样品中磁性矿物总体含量较高,以单畴和假单畴颗粒的磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿等软磁性矿物为主,南疆样品中磁性矿物含量较低,硬磁质含量稍高,单畴颗粒矿物所占比重较北疆低;伊犁地区样品的磁性矿物在组成上与南疆样品更为接近,但成壤相对较强,超顺磁颗粒含量高。新疆地区表土磁性特征差异在一定程度上反映了新疆地区环境因子的区域差异,尤其是年均降水的不同。     

湖南煤炭坝矿区岩溶塌陷的形成与易发性分区

根据矿区地质情况、地下水长期观测资料和各类岩土工程勘察资料,对煤炭坝矿区岩溶塌陷的成因及类型进行了研究,确定了岩溶塌陷易发性的评价指标,并对岩溶塌陷易发性进行了分区预测。结果显示:煤炭坝矿区岩溶塌陷形成的内因是茅口组灰岩岩溶发育,外因是岩溶水的大量开采和疏排;岩溶塌陷影响因素主要与岩溶发育条件、地下水条件、覆盖层条件、地形地貌和人工活动相关。经预测,煤炭坝小河、贺石桥、大成桥、洋泉湖几个地下水径流带处为极易塌区;欧家大冲、沩水、瓦寺冲、秧田冲、五亩冲水渠、白水塘、谢家祠堂几个地表水体分布处为易塌区;几个煤矿区为难塌区(或中等塌陷区);福泉山与谷塘坡为基本稳定与稳定区。勘察验证,预测结果符合实际。      

东亚夏季风气候变迁强迫机制初探

基于反映东亚夏季风气候变迁的洛川黄土磁化率记录及一系列古气候模拟结果,通过统计分析研究了地球轨道参数、全球冰量及大气ＣＯ２含量等强迫因子对东亚夏季风气候变迁的影响。结果表明,在１０＾５ａ时间尺度上东亚夏季风气候变化大约有一半是由全球冰量消长引起的,约有１／４归于大气温气体含量的改变,而直接受到地球轨道的线性驱动作用很小。但在１０＾３～１０＾４ａ时间尺度上,冰期时东亚季风边缘地区夏季和降水变化的７０     

Composition and properties of the iron hydroxides-cemented lenses in Estonian sandstone of Middle Devonian age

The formation of hematite and goethite concretions in different sedimentary rocks including sandstones is an important diagenetic process in the geologic history of the Earth. Its interpretation can also contribute to understanding the diagenetic history of Martian iron hydroxide concretions. A case study of iron-rich concretions from Estonian Middle Devonian sandstones exposed in ancient river valleys in southeastern Estonia was carried out based on the results of mineralogical, petrographical, geochemical, petrophysical and magnetic analyses. It was found that the high Fe₂O₃(total) content (25.0–39.5%), high magnetic susceptibility, bulk and grain density, very low porosity, corrosion and fracturing of the quartz grains of the platy iron concretions are in contrast with properties of the Devonian host sandstones. However the ferrous iron content (measured as FeO) of iron-rich concretions was as low as in the other Devonian rocks, suggesting an oxidizing environment and arid climate during the cementation by iron-hydroxides. The fracturing of quartz grains cemented by iron hydroxides could take place at near-surface conditions including vadose and phreatic zones in arid climate with high evaporation rates. Such climatic conditions have been reported for the Baltic region during Devonian, Upper Permian and Triassic times. We have found that goethite is prevalent in the cement, replacing clay and carbonate minerals. We assume that this iron-rich cement is originated from the mobilization of iron in host sandstones by groundwater, associated with tectonic activity at the end of the Middle Devonian, evidenced by fracturing in Devonian outcrops and caves. Although this mobilization could occur under reducing conditions, precipitation of goethite and hematite for the cementation could take place in oxidizing environment along bedding planes close to the surface during short sedimentation breaks. Another possible time for the formation of iron concretions could be Permian, under the condition of both arid climate and tectonic activity.     

Fingerprinting upland sediment sources: particle size‐specific magnetic linkages between soils,lake sediments and suspended sediments

Accelerated erosion of fine‐grained sediment is an environmental problem of international dimensions. Erosion control strategies and targeting of mitigation measures require robust and quantitative identification of sediment sources. Here, we use magnetic ‘fingerprinting’ to characterize soils, and examine their affinity with and contribution to suspended sediments transported within two subcatchments feeding Bassenthwaite Lake, northwest England. A high‐resolution soil magnetic susceptibility survey was made using a field susceptometer (ZH Instruments, SM400 probe). Combining the spatial and vertical (down‐profile) soil magnetic data, a subset of soil profiles was selected for detailed, laboratory‐based magnetic remanence analyses. The magnetic properties of the catchment soils are highly particle size‐dependent. Magnetic analyses were performed on the 31–63 µm fraction, for particle size‐specific comparison both with the suspended sediments and lake sediments. Fuzzy cluster analysis groups the soil magnetic data into six clusters, apparently reflecting variations in parent material and horizon type, with three magnetically hard soils as unclassified outliers. Examination of the cluster affinity of the soils, suspended sediments and lake sediments indicates that topsoils of the upper Newlands Valley and subsoils around Keskadale Beck are a major source of the Newlands Beck suspended load, and the recent (post‐nineteenth century) sediments in the deep lake basin. Older lake sediments show strong affinity with a small number of the Derwent suspended sediments and one of the Glenderamackin soils. A large number of Derwent suspended sediments show no affinity with any of the soils or lake sediments, instead forming a coherent, discrete and statistically unclassified group, possibly resulting from mixing between the magnetically hard subsoils of the medium to high‐altitude Glenderamackin and Troutbeck areas and softer, lower altitude Glenderamackin soils. The lack of any affinity of these suspended sediments with the lake sediments may indicate deposition along the Derwent flood plain and/or in the shallow delta of Lake Bassenthwaite. Particle size‐specific magnetic fingerprinting is thus shown to be both highly discriminatory and quantitatively robust even within the homogeneous geological units of this catchment area. Such a methodological approach has important implications for small–large scale catchment management where sources of sediment arising from areas with uniform geology have been difficult to determine using other approaches, such as geochemical or radionuclide analyses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.