鲁西北平原夏玉米产量与土壤硝态氮淋失

供水量和氮肥施用量是影响农田硝态氮淋失的主要因素。本文通过田间小区试验,研究了水分和氮肥用量对夏玉米产量和土壤硝态氮的影响。试验表明,高水处理（0～50cm平均含水量控制在85%FC,FC为田间持水量032）和低水处理（0～50cm平均含水量控制在70%FC）间产量差异不显著,施肥量（0、100、200、和300kgNha^-1）则具有显著影响,并且在200kgNha^-1左右时达到最高产量;高水条件下土壤水分硝态氮下渗强,运移深度大,所有施肥处理在200cm处的土壤水硝态氮浓度都要高于国家饮用地下水标准10mgNL-1;低水条件下水分下渗弱,运移深度小于高水处理,但是在200cm处,200、300kgNha^-1处理的土壤溶液硝态氮浓度依然高于10mgNL^-1。     

采煤塌陷地水域淹没范围模拟分析

采煤塌陷改变了矿区周边的地形地貌特征,使大量的耕地、园地变成水域。选择山东省龙口采煤塌陷区为研究对象,运用ArcGIS软件采集五期1:1万等高线和离散高程点数据,生成1×1 m2正方形网格的数字地面模型(DEM),以地表没有发生塌陷前的1978年DEM为标准高程数据,与其他各期DEM数据进行差值运算处理,得到不同时期采煤塌陷区面积。然后根据水利部门48年来的观测数据,计算出采煤塌陷区不同频率年份丰水期水文特征值,采用"无源淹没"分析法,计算给定水位条件下的采煤塌陷区水域淹没范围。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF INTERANNUAL AND INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY OF SURFACE WIND OVER THE TROPICAL PACIFIC

A global atmospheric general circulation model (L9R15 AGCMs) forced by COADS SST was integrated from 1945 to 1993. Interannual and interdecadal variability of the simulated surface wind over the tropical Pacific was analyzed and shown to agree vey well with observation. Simulation of surface wind over the central-western equatorial Pacific was more successful than that over the eastern Pacific. Zonal propagating feature of interannual variability of the tropical Pacific wind anomalies and its decadal difference were also simulated successfully. The close agreement between simulation and observation on the existence of obvious interdecadal variability of tropical Pacific surface wind attested to the high simulation capability of AGCM.     

基于GIS和遥感的中国城市分布与自然环境关系的定量研究

利用ArcGIS10、ENVI4.5、Visual FoxPro6.0等软件,采用空间分析技术手段,定量分析了中国655个建制城市的空间分布与河流、植被、地形起伏度、高程4种自然环境因素的关系,结论如下:①城市对水的依赖程度高,城市等级越高,依赖程度越强;②总体趋势上,植被状况越好,城市分布数目越多;城市对植被的依赖程度高,城市等级越高,依赖程度越强;③总体趋势上,地形起伏度越大,城市分布数目越少;地形起伏度对城市分布有较大影响,城市等级越高,影响程度越大;④高程对城市分布有较大影响,城市等级越高,影响程度越大。综合评价全国不同区域的城市发展适宜度,分析了适合城市发展的区域。     

Partial derivatives of surface wave phase velocities for flat anisotropic models

Summary. Surface wave behaviour in flat anisotropic structures is first illustrated by performing an exact computation on a simple two-layer model. The variational procedure of Smith & Dahlen is then used to compute the partial derivatives of surface wave phase velocities with respect to the elastic parameters in more realistic earth models. Linear relationships between the partial derivatives for a general anisotropic structure and those for a transversely isotropic structure are derived. When considering waves propagating in a fixed direction, there are only four independent derivatives for Rayleigh waves, and two for Love waves. To avoid the lack of resolution in an inverse method, we propose to use physically constrained models. These results are illustrated by using a model with hexagonal symmetry and a symmetry axis oriented either vertically or horizontally. Quasi-Love- and quasi-Rayleigh-wave partial derivatives are computed for both axis orientations. Modes up to the second overtone and periods ranging between 45 and 130 s have been considered. Finally, anomalies of phase velocity are computed in an oceanic model made of 1/6 oriented olivine crystals with horizontal or vertical preferred orientations of the a -axis.     

黑河下游植被对调水的响应

由于黑河下游来水量的减少,黑河下游绿洲面积急剧退化.为了改善黑河下游的生态环境问题,遏制绿洲进一步退化的趋势,国务院批复于2000年开始对黑河下游进行调水,通过9年调水,黑河下游水资源时空分布发生了很大变化.为了客观评价黑河下游植被对调水的响应,本文通过实地调查、遥感等手段,分析了黑河下游1995-2004年地下水埋深、典型植被、景观类型及东居延海在调水以来的变化情况.研究结果表明:黑河下游生态环境对调水响应明显,下游生态环境向良好的方向转变.     

Surface sediment diatoms from the western Pacific marginal seas and their correlation to environmental variables

Diatom data of 192 surface sediment samples from the marginal seas in the western Pacific together with modern summer and winter sea surface temperature and salinity data were analyzed.The results of canonical correspondence analysis show that summer sea-surface salinity(SSS) is highly positively correlated with winter SSS and so is summer sea-surface temperature(SST) with winter SST.The correlations between SSSs and SSTs are less positively correlated,which may be due to interactions of regional current pa...     

土壤水盐运移模型研究进展及展望

回顾了国内外土壤水盐运移模型的发展历程,根据土壤水盐运移模型构成的原理和发展趋势,将土壤水盐运移模型分为水盐平衡模型、物理模型和系统模型。借助国内外文献对已有模型的原理和应用进行了介绍,并对存在的问题进行了分析;展望了新形势下土壤水盐运移模型的未来发展趋势和研究重点,旨在为今后土壤水盐运移模型研究提供新的思路。     

1957-2014年库布齐沙漠地面风场特征

风对沙漠化过程具有重要影响,起沙风是塑造沙漠地貌格局的主要动力。根据1957-2014年库布齐沙漠周边4个基准气象站的地面风资料,从风速、风向和输沙势等方面分析库布齐沙漠的地面风场特征。结果显示：（1）库布齐沙漠的起沙风频率与平均风速有很高的相关性;（2）年平均风速为2.7 m·s^-1,全年盛行风向为WNW-NW,为中等变率锐双峰风况,合成输沙风向约为310°。4月风速最大,为中等变率环境;8月风速较小,为高变率环境;1月风速最小,为低变率环境。3-6月风速最大,风向集中度一般;11月至翌年2月风速较大,风向集中度高;7-10月风速最小,风向集中度差;（3）20世纪80年代中后期和2007年前后风速、起沙风频率和输沙势发生了较大变化,尤其是2007年前后由减小向增大发展;（4）大气环流和地表粗糙度的改变是库布齐沙漠地面风场变化的重要原因。     

沙地果树节水渗灌技术的试验研究

果树渗灌是灌溉水通过特殊的透性材料持续缓慢地渗入并浸润土壤，借助土壤毛管水运动原理向果树根系供水。干旱地区沙地渗灌能有效地减少地表蒸发、避免无效渗漏造成的水分损失，提高灌溉水利用率，从而达到节水的目的。在沙地果园采用节水渗灌技术，比传统的大水漫灌和沟灌方式分别节水８３．１％和６３．１％。