EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON A DYNAMIC ASYMMETRICAL TYPHOON INITIALIZATION SCHEME BASED ON 4D-VAR

Axisymmetric bogus vortexes at sea level are usually used in the traditional bogus data assimilation (BDA) scheme. In the traditional scheme, the vortex could not accurately describe the specific characteristics of a typhoon, and the evolving real typhoon is forced to unreasonably adapt to this changeless vortex. For this reason, an asymmetrical typhoon bogus method with information blended from the analysis and the observation is put forward in this paper, in which the impact of the Subtropical High is also taken into consideration. With the fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) and its adjoint model, a four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) technique is employed to build a dynamic asymmetrical BDA scheme to assimilate different asymmetrical bogus vortexes at different time. The track and intensity of six summer typhoons much influenced by the Subtropical High are simulated and the results are compared. It is shown that the improvement in track simulation in the new scheme is more significant than that in the traditional scheme. Moreover, the periods for which the track cannot be simulated well by the traditional scheme can be improved with the new scheme. The results also reveal that although the simulated typhoon intensity in the new scheme is generally weaker than that in the traditional scheme, this trend enables the new scheme to simulate, in the later period, closer-to-observation intensity than the traditional scheme. However, despite the fact that the observed intensity has been largely weakened, the simulated intensity at later periods of the BDA schemes is still very intensive, resulting in overly development of the typhoon during the simulation. The limitation to the simulation effect of the BDA scheme due to this condition needs to be further studied.     

东北地区春季冷锋云系降水个例数值模拟及机理研究

本文通过常规天气资料,结合WRF中尺度数值模式,深入研究了2007年5月22～24日一次发生在东北地区的锋面云系降水过程和云宏微观结构特征以及降水产生的物理机制。模拟结果表明冷锋云系降水分布不均匀,锋前中低层有弱的上升气流,云水比含水量较大,雪和霰几乎没有。冷锋过境时,垂直速度迅速增大,中低层有下沉气流,不利于云水形成,出现云水含量几乎没有的干层区,雪水比含水量迅速增加,降水形成应是通过雪和霰的融化过程。处于锋区时,垂直速度和雪比含水量继续增大,降水的形成主要是雪的融化过程。锋后,上升气流迅速减弱,云内雪比含水量减少,降水的形成主要是雪的融化和暖云微物理过程。     

Implementation of turbulent mixing over a stratocumulus-topped boundary layer and its impact in a GCM

The effect of a vertical diffusion scheme over a stratocumulus topped boundary layer (STBL) was investigated using the YONU AGCM (Yonsei University Atmospheric General Circulation Model). To consider the impact of clouds on the turbulence production, the turbulence mixing term, driven by radiative cooling at the cloud top, is implemented as an extended non-local diffiusion scheme. In the model with this new scheme, the STBL parameterization significantly influences the lower atmosphere over the tropical and...     

WRF单柱模式中单参数方法对热带对流模拟能力的影响

利用耦合Milbrandt 2-mon(MY)双参数微物理方案的WRF中的单柱模式,对TWP-ICE试验(Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment)期间的个例进行数值模拟和敏感性试验。通过与观测资料和云分辨率模式的模拟结果进行对比发现:MY方案默认的双参数版本和单参数版本均能够再现TWP-ICE期间的热带云系的总体宏观和微观特征。MY方案的双参数版本模拟的降水率的演变特征同观测十分吻合,冰相粒子的微观特征同观测事实较为一致。单参数默认版本的降水率、液态云的构成及冰相粒子微观特征方面同观测事实存在明显差距。然而实际业务应用中单参数方案由于计算量较小应用更为广泛,但模拟效果有待改善。为了使方案保持计算量较为合理的同时具有较好的模拟效果,参考双参数控制试验中的冰相物质的微观特征,尝试对单参数方案中冰相粒子的单参数方法进行改进。冰晶单参数改进试验中虽然对于冰晶数浓度采用两种不同的处理方法,但模拟效果均未明显改善。其中冰云总含量更加接近观测,且冰云构成发生显著变化,主要归因于冰晶有效半径的减小间接削弱了雪和霰的发展。云滴含量的异常增强导致液态水含量比观测偏高约一个量级,暖云异常增厚则与上升运动的增强直接相关。雨水含量明显增强及雨滴有效半径减小综合导致了降水率仅有微弱改善。雪的单参数改进试验中,雪的截距值增加及环境场过饱和条件改善促进了冰云的发展。通过适当调整雪的截距的经验诊断公式,雪的截距、液态水含量以及降水率均得到较好的改善;而指定雪截距为常数的处理方式使液态云更为偏厚,降水率演变细节同观测仍然差异显著。改进试验结果表明,单参数方案中采用适当的经验公式诊断雪的截距的处理方法对改善单参数方案的模拟能力具有一定的可行性。     

Application of the Characteristic CIP Method to a Shallow Water Model on the Sphere

Semi-implicit algorithms are popularly used to deal with the gravitational term in numerical models. In this paper, we adopt the method of characteristics to compute the solutions for gravity waves on a sphere directly using a semi-Lagrangian advection scheme instead of the semi-implicit method in a shallow water model, to avoid expensive matrix inversions. Adoption of the semi-Lagrangian scheme renders the numerical model always stable for any Courant number, and which saves CPU time. To illustrate the efficiency of the characteristic constrained interpolation profile (CIP) method, some numerical results are shown for idealized test cases on a sphere in the Yin-Yang grid system.     

区域气候模式不同积云对流参数化方案对新疆气候模拟的影响研究

使用NCEP-FNL全球分析资料作为WRF模式的初始场和边界场,利用该模式中7种积云对流参数化方案对新疆地区进行2006年10月1日至2008年3月1日的模拟积分试验,重点考察模式在水平分辨率为10 km下不同积云对流参数化方案对新疆地区气象要素模拟的敏感性。结果表明:1）采用7种积云对流参数化方案的模式都能较好地模拟出年、雨季总降水量、平均温度的空间分布及大气的垂直结构。2）对于不同区域来说,采用各种积云对流参数化方案的模式都能模拟出候降水及候平均温度随时间演变,模式候降水与观测的相关系数在0.20~0.85之间,而候平均温度与观测的相关系数在0.98以上。对于整个新疆地区来说,采用各方案模式模拟的低层偏干偏冷,大气层结较稳定导致降水较观测偏少,而其中天山地区模式模拟的低层较观测偏湿偏暖,大气层结偏向不稳定导致降水偏多。3）采用新的Grell和Kain-Fritsch（new Eta）方案模式模拟的效果综合来看较好。因此利用WRF模式开展新疆地区数值模拟研究时应该考虑不同积云对流参数化方案适用范围。     

MapGIS气象专题产品配色方案制作的研究

GIS作为一门重要的空间信息技术,在越来越多的气象信息系统建设中发挥了重要作用。本文针对气象不同专题产品的图饰样式,做出了对图例、标题、图框等点线面GIS文件的编辑。保存的样式文件（XML）可在W曲上发布,并可生成配色配置文件（．XML）。使用MapGIS平台基础SDK与组件库,利用数据中心易搭建思想,将数据中心功能仓库中的各个组件按需要按类型组合成一个大的功能模块,多个功能模块组成系统的主体框架,并说明了后台配置管理系统的总体技术架构。在其基础之上实现空间地理信息数据可视化管理、配色方案管理、工作空间编辑、图例编辑、标题图框编辑等一系列桌面GIS应用。     

陆地边界谈判划界决策支持体系的探讨

边界谈判划界是一个蕊要而义复杂的问题,本文结合谈判划界业务的内容、流程和决策数据流分析,探讨了在GIS空间技术支持下谈判划界决策支持体系及其主要内容,并结合系统开发给出了划界决策支持系统的框架,为划界决策系统应用开发提供了理论支撑。     

“北斗二代”地面监控站建设方案设想

针对我国自主研发"北斗二代"导航系统建立全球范围的地面监控站面临着巨大难题的现状,本文提出一种仅在国内建立地面监控站以实现对导航卫星进行实时监控、定位、授时等功能的设计方案。对照美国GPS的地面部分功能,从测定导航卫星的空间坐标、卫星钟差估计、导航电文的注入和大气数据采集四个方面分析了该设计方案的可行性,初步得到该方案具有成本低,满足精度要求,实时性较强的特点。     

Comparison between TVD-MacCormack and ADI-type solvers of the shallow water equations

A total variation diminishing (TVD) modification of the MacCormack scheme is developed for simulating shallow water dynamics on a uniform Cartesian grid. Results obtained using conventional and deviatoric forms of the conservative non-linear shallow water equations (SWEs) are compared for cases where the bed has a varying topography. The comparisons demonstrate that the deviatoric form of the SWEs gives more accurate results than the conventional form, in the absence of numerical balancing of the flux-gradient and source terms. A further comparison is undertaken between the TVD-MacCormack model and an alternating direction implicit (ADI) model for cases involving steep-fronted shallow flows. It is demonstrated that the ADI model is unable to predict trans-critical flows correctly, and artificial viscosity has to be introduced to remove spurious oscillations. The TVD-MacCormack model reproduces all flow regimes accurately. Finally, the TVD-MacCormack model is used to predict a laboratory-scale dyke break undertaken at Delft University of Technology. The predictions agree closely with the experimental data, and are in excellent agreement with results from an alternative Godunov-type model.