Drainage basin object-based method for regional-scale landform classification: a case study of loess area in China

Landform classification is one of the most important procedures in recognizing and dividing earth surface landforms. However, topographical homogeneity and differences in regional-scale landforms are often ignored by traditional pixel- and object-based landform classification methods based on digital elevation models (DEMs). In this work, a drainage basin object-based method for classifying regional-scale landforms is proposed. Drainage basins with least critical areas are first delineated from DEMs. Then, terrain derivatives of mean elevation, mean slope, drainage density, drainage depth, and terrain texture are employed to characterize the morphology of the drainage basins. Finally, a decision tree based on the topographical characteristics of the drainage basins is constructed and employed to determine the landform classification law. The experiment is validated in the landform classification of regional-scale loess areas in China. Results show that clear boundaries exist in different landforms at the regional scale. Landform type in a specific region shows significant topographical homogeneity under its specific regional geomorphological process. Classification accuracies are 87.3 and 86.3% for the field investigation and model validation, respectively. Spatial patterns of classified landforms and their proximity to sediment sources and other factors can be regarded as indicators of the evolutionary process of loess landform formation.     

Subseasonal Change in the Seesaw Pattern of Precipitation between the Yangtze River Basin and the Tropical Western North Pacific during Summer

There is a well-known seesaw pattern of precipitation between the tropical western North Pacific(WNP) and the Yangtze River basin(YRB) during summer. This study identified that this out-of-phase relationship experiences a subseasonal change;that is, the relationship is strong during early summer but much weaker during mid-summer. We investigated the large-scale circulation anomalies responsible for the YRB rainfall anomalies on the subseasonal timescale. It was found that the YRB rainfall is mainly affected by the tropical circulation anomalies during early summer, i.e., the anticyclonic or cyclonic anomaly over the subtropical WNP associated with the precipitation anomalies over the tropical WNP. During mid-summer, the YRB rainfall is mainly affected by the extratropical circulation anomalies in both the lower and upper troposphere. In the lower troposphere, the northeasterly anomaly north of the YRB favors heavier rainfall over the YRB by intensifying the meridional gradient of the equivalent potential temperature over the YRB. In the upper troposphere, the meridional displacement of the Asian westerly jet and the zonally oriented teleconnection pattern along the jet also affect the YRB rainfall. The subseasonal change in the WNP–YRB precipitation relationship illustrated by this study has important implications for the subseasonalto-seasonal forecasting of the YRB rainfall.     

黄河上游内蒙古河段平滩流量对人类活动和气候变化的响应

冲积河流平滩流量既反映了河道尺度上的水文-地貌耦合关系,又与流域因素密切相关。从这一概念出发,以黄河上游内蒙古河段为例,研究了平滩流量的变化,并在流域层面与河道层面上对其成因进行了研究。结果表明：上游水库调节改变了出库流量过程,使汛期流量大幅度减小,泄流过程均匀化,因而平滩流量减小。在龙羊峡水库修建后洪水流量减小导致漫滩机遇降低的情形下,泥沙淤在主槽内,也是平滩流量减小的重要原因。泥沙冲淤对于平滩流量的影响存在着某种累积或滞后效应,巴彦高勒平滩流量Q_bf,BY不仅与当年的冲淤量有关,还与以前冲淤量有关,前4 a平均淤积量对平滩流量的影响最大。建立了平滩流量与前4 a累计淤积量、年均流量、年最大日流量的多元回归方程,该方程表明平滩流量既与当年的流量特征相联系,也与一定时间尺度上河道冲淤造成的后果相联系,反映了某种水文地貌耦合关系。研究还表明,存在着以下因果关系链：龙羊峡水库修建→汛期来沙系数增大→河道淤积加强→平滩流量减小。因此,通过改变龙羊峡水库的运用方式,增大汛期下泄流量,可以减小河道淤积、增大平滩流量,从而增大下泄洪水的能力,降低凌汛期间的防洪压力。平滩流量的变化是流域因素变化的结果,所建立的多元回归方程表明,在50 a的时间尺度上,暖干化指标的增大、引水率的增大、水库总库容的增大和天然径流系数的减小,是黄河上游平滩流量减小的原因。     

东北地区城市经济联系的空间格局及其演化

基于空间相互作用的重力模型、潜能模型、隶属度模型等方法,以东北地区41个城市为研究对象,定量分析1992~2012年东北地区城市经济联系的空间格局及其演化。研究结果表明：经济联系强度与区域空间结构关系密切;东北地区经济联系强度南方高于北方、中部地区高于两侧,时空差异明显;近20 a来,以沈阳、长春、哈尔滨为代表的区域性经济发展格局基本形成,区域中心城市没有变化,但最大引力联结城市变化明显;最后,提出了流域型城市及其格局的概念,并进行了具体分析。     

基于锚系观测的北冰洋加拿大海盆中层水变化研究

20世纪90年代以来,北极进入了以海冰快速减少为显著特征的快速变化时期。通过分析“波弗特流涡观测计划”在北冰洋加拿大海盆的4个站点上布放剖面观测系统所获得的2003—2011年的温度、盐度剖面观测数据,研究了加拿大海盆北极中层水的变化特征。在观测期间,加拿大海盆中央区中层水核心温度变化较小,楚科奇海台地区有明显下降特征,海盆中央区以北以及加拿大群岛陆坡边缘区核心温度呈持续升高趋势。北极中层水核心深度在4个站点都有不同程度的加深趋势,加深的程度和参与分析的表层淡水含量以及因海冰消失导致的风应力变化有一定的对应特征。4个站点表层(75—200 m)的热含量在无冰海域有明显的增长,在有冰海域热含量较稳定;加拿大海盆200—400 m和400—800 m深度范围内的热含量变化情况与中层水核心深度的变化情况一致,伴随着中层水核心深度加深至400 m乃至更深处,中层水的能量也逐渐下移,造成200—400 m水层能量普遍降低而400—800 m水层能量普遍增加。加拿大海盆4个观测站点因背景环境条件和所受影响的不同,造成了中层水的变化和响应趋势的差异。     

柴达木盆地西部中生界原型盆地恢复

勘探实践表明,对柴达木盆地西部中生界原型盆地认识不够,是导致该区侏罗系油气勘探难以取得重大突破的主要原因。以古流分析为主要手段,结合地表露头及地震解释资料研究认为,中生界在古阿拉巴斯套山与古昆仑山间发育一个大的近EW向展布的内陆山间坳陷（古泛茫崖坳陷）。坳陷演化可分为早—中侏罗世和晚侏罗世—白垩纪两个阶段,分别对应发育了伸展断陷和挤压坳陷两种原型盆地类型。早、中侏罗世,阿尔金山尚未隆升,为主要沉积区。沉积环境比较动荡,沉积物以暗色含煤建造为主。沉积中心在现今的阿尔金山区,坳陷西北部边界越过阿尔金山区与塔东南地区相通;东北部边界位于阿拉巴斯套山前;南部边界在煤沟—采石岭—黑石山—月牙山一线。晚侏罗世—白垩纪,阿尔金山快速隆升为物源区,开始分割塔东南和柴达木盆地西部沉积。坳陷沉积物以干旱气候下的红色粗碎屑岩建造为主,沉积、沉降中心由阿尔金山区向盆地内部发生迁移,南部边界已迁移至阿拉尔—红柳泉—红沟子—月3井一带。该研究对柴达木盆地资源潜力评价及勘探部署具有重要意义。     

基于水化学的沂源盆地地热田成热模式探讨

沂源盆地地热田为低温水热型岩溶热储地热系统,盖层为古近系、白垩系、石炭系,热储层为寒武纪、奥陶纪碳酸盐岩,区内发育的深大断裂如上五井断裂、韩旺断裂、傅家庄断裂等为沟通深部热源的良好通道。为掌握地热田热水的补给来源、热源、地热水年龄,进一步分析其形成机理,采集地热水样品进行了地热水水文地球化学分析、气体及其同位素分析。结果表明,该地热田地热水水化学类型为HCO3·Cl·SO4Na·Ca型、HCO3Ca·Mg型,矿化度小于1g/L;地热水补给来源为大气降水,具深循环特征;热源以壳源为主;地热水年龄10.51ka B.P.,为古地下水。结合地下水循环机理,将其地热水形成机理总结为小型断陷盆地深循环承压型。     

Burial,Maturation, and Petroleum Generation History of the Arkoma Basin and Ouachita Foldbelt,Oklahoma and Arkansas

Removed overburden, burial, maturation, and petroleum generation analysis indicates that maturity in the Arkoma Basin and the Ouachita Foldbelt is explained effectively using simple burial models that account for the significant surface erosion that has occurred and assuming geothermal gradients similar to present-day gradients have been approximately constant through geologic time. Regional models, based on analysis at 115 well locations, indicate that from 5,000 to 15,000 ft (1.5–4.5 km) of section, differing with location from north to south and west to east, has been removed from the Arkoma Basin region, and as much as 25,000–40,000 ft (7.5–12 km) have been removed from areas of the Ouachita Foldbelt. Based on burial and thermal history reconstruction, increasing maturation from west to east across the basin is primarily the result of increasing overburden and subsequent surface erosion from west to east. The models predict most publicly available vitrinite reflectance data within a factor of 1.5 at two standard deviations. Comparison of model and measured reflectance-depth trends in six wells indicates that hydrothermal fluid movement should not have modified reflectance by more than approximately 20% in the center of the basin. Analysis indicates that most of the basin is overmature for oil production from intervals below the Spiro Sandstone, except to the north and northwest. Although thermal maturities are high, methane is stable throughout the basin. Except for the basal Arbuckle Group, all formations were thermally immature for oil generation prior to burial by the Mississippian and Morrowan in the Ouachita Foldbelt of Oklahoma and by the Atokan and Desmoinesian over most of the basin and study area. In the deeper part of the present basin, all strata entered and passed through the oil window during or within 10 My after Atokan time. Because no additional major quantities of hydrocarbons were generated after Atokan time, the hydrocarbons must have been emplaced and trapped during this brief time interval.     

东北地区前中生代构造演化及其与晚中生代盆地发育的关系

摘　 要　 东北地区前中生代构造演化可大致分为如下阶段：（1） 中、新元古代阶段;（2） 早古 生代加里东阶段;（3） 泥盆纪—早石炭世早华力西阶段;（4） 晚石炭世—三叠纪晚华力西—印 支阶段。多旋回构造演化使该区形成由多期褶皱带和多中间或边缘地块组成的 “镶嵌构造 区”‚并为晚中生代大型含油气盆地的发育奠定了基础。