Scaled amplification equation: A key to the folding history of buckled viscous single-layers

The presented equation describes amplitude growth during viscous single-layer folding (buckling) up to high amplitudes. The equation relates the dimensionless fold amplitude (i.e. ratio of amplitude to wavelength) to the stretch (ratio of initial wavelength to instantaneous wavelength) for given values of the viscosity contrast between layer and surrounding material and the initial ratio of amplitude to wavelength. The amplification equation is suitably scaled so that all amplitude versus stretch curves for different values of viscosity contrasts and initial amplitudes fall onto essentially a single curve. The scaled amplification equation allows for representing fold amplification of viscous single-layers by a singular curve. The scaling parameter is the crossover strain, which is an estimate for the amount of strain that is accumulated during the initial stages of folding where the amplitude grows exponentially with strain. The singular curve allows quantifying the universal boundaries between the three folding stages, namely nucleation, amplification and kinematic growth. The scaled amplification equation is verified by numerical (finite element method) simulations of folding of single layers with initial random perturbations of the layer interfaces. The amplification equation describes the amplification of single folds within fold trains successfully, although the folds are neither regular nor periodic and vary considerably in shape. The easily measurable parameters, vertical and horizontal hinge distance, are shown to be good approximations for the analytical parameters amplitude and wavelength, respectively.     

祁连山西段酒西盆地区阶地构造变形的研究

对祁连山西段酒西盆地晚第四纪阶地的研究表明,该区早第四纪以挤压褶皱、逆冲为特征的构造变形在晚更新世期间乃至全新世仍继承性地进行着,表现为横穿褶皱和逆断裂带的河流及冲沟阶地面的形成、阶地类型的转变、阶地级数的增多和阶地面被断错或发生拱曲变形．其中祁连山北缘大断裂晚更新世晚期以来的垂直运动速率约为１．９２～２．００ｍｍ／ａ．老君庙背斜逆断裂带在晚更新世初以来的垂直运动速率约为１．１５～２．５６ｍｍ／ａ．白杨河背斜逆断裂带晚更新世初以来的垂直运动速率约为０．３２～０．５８ｍｍ／ａ．     

纵弯褶皱叠加机制和类型的研究现状

叠加褶皱的研究是以叠加机制和叠加类型为基础的。从变质岩构造研究中形成的叠加褶皱理论是以剪切褶皱为基础,而沉积岩的纵弯褶皱叠加机制和类型均与之不同。国外有学者分别指出再褶皱时的斜纵弯褶皱机制和早期褶皱枢纽的迁移机制以及四种基本叠加类型。我国有人论述了早期褶皱的枢纽、拐线的迁移是正纵弯再褶皱的一种机制,依此提出了正纵弯叠加褶皱的三种基本类型。本文对这些成果的主要认识和依据予以介绍。     

川北米仓山火地垭群非共轴重褶构造研究

川北米仓山地区褶皱基底火地垭群中普遍发育倾竖褶皱或陡倾覆褶皱，区调及构造解析表明，它们为两期褶皱叠加而成，第一期褶皱为北西－北西西向，紧闭倒转，第二期褶皱为北东向，经非共轴重褶后形成Ｕ形或Ｗ形露头干涉型式。本区非共轴重褶的首次发现，对研究其构造样式及构造演化具有十分重要的意义。     

浅变质岩石中的叠加韧性剪切带——以吉林桦甸二道甸子地区为例

吉林省桦甸市二道甸子金矿区的板岩、千枚岩中,存在着平行叠加式和垂直叠加式两个类型的韧性剪切带。它们叠加在早期变形构造之上,显示出不同的构造特征。前者以含“叶理鱼”的疙瘩状千枚岩为特征,“叶理鱼”的含量决定了其应变强度。后者以折劈构造成带状发育为特征,折劈的不同类型决定了其应变强度。     

Quaternary folding of the eastern Tian Shan, northwest China

The Tian Shan, east–west trending more than 2000 km, is one of most active intracontinental mountain building belts that resulted from India–Eurasia collision during Cenozoic. In this study, Quaternary folding related to intracontinental mountain building of the Tian Shan orogenic belt is documented based on geologic interpretation and analyses of the satellite remote sensing images [Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)/Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM) and India Remote Sensing (IRS) Pan] combined with field geologic and geomorphic observations and seismic reflection profiles. Analyses of spatial–temporal features of Quaternary folded structure indicate that the early Quaternary folds are widely distributed in both piedmont and intermontane basins, whereas the late Quaternary active folds are mainly concentrated on the northern range-fronts. Field observations indicate that Quaternary folds are mainly characterized by fault-related folding. The formation and migration of Quaternary folding are likely related to decollement surfaces beneath the fold-and-fault zone as revealed by seismic reflection profiles. Moreover, analysis of growth strata indicates that the Quaternary folding began in late stage of early Pleistocene (2.1–1.2 Ma). Finally, tectonic evolution model of the Quaternary deformation in the Tian Shan is presented. This model shows that the Quaternary folding and faulting gradually migrate toward the range-fronts due to the continuous compression related to India–Eurasia collision during Quaternary time. As a result, the high topographic relief of the Tian Shan was formed.     

白云鄂博叠加褶皱及其变形机制

华北地块北缘中上元古界的白云鄂博群尖山组，在白云鄂博群东南花果山一带褶皱变形十分复杂，为了研究其褶皱形态、变形机制，在原1：5万填图的基础上选近1km^2的范围进行1：2000大比例尺地质填图，以变质长石石英砂岩为标志层，确定了两期褶皱构造。综合区域资料表明：早期EW向褶皱以纯剪切、纯剪切＋简单剪切为主，是加里东运动的结果；晚期褶皱表现为EW向压扁，为印支运动所形成。     

金沙江溪洛渡地区叠加褶皱及工程地质意义

金沙江溪洛渡地区古—中生代沉积地层中发育复杂的褶皱构造，它们是喜马拉雅运动期间经3期褶皱叠加而成，其叠加方式主要有跨褶、移褶、限褶、重褶等。大比例尺填图及构造解析表明，区内第3期褶皱——箐口复式背斜形成地下分水岭，构成了金沙江溪洛渡水电站库首至下游可能渗漏路径上的挡水墙，岩溶管道式渗漏不会发生。区内第3期褶皱的首次厘定及研究，对溪洛渡巨型水电站库首渗漏研究具有极为重要的意义。     

Changes in the saltation flux following a step‐change in macro‐roughness

The effect of a step change in macro‐roughness on the saltation process under sediment supply limited conditions was examined in the atmospheric boundary layer. For an array of roughness elements of roughness density λ = 0.045 (λ = total element frontal area/total surface area of the array) the horizontal saltation flux was reduced by 90% (±7%) at a distance of ≈150 roughness element heights into the array. This matches the value predicted using an empirical design model and provides confidence that it can be effectively used to engineer roughness arrays to meet sand flux reduction targets. Measurements of the saltation flux characteristics in the vertical dimension, including: saltation layer decay (e‐folding) height and particle size, revealed that with increasing distance into the array, the rate of mass flux change with increasing height decreased notably, and (geometric) mean particle diameter decreased. The distribution of the saltation mass flux in the vertical remains exponential in form with increasing distance into the roughness array, and the e‐folding height increases as well as increasing at a greater rate as particle diameter diminishes. The increase in e‐folding height suggests the height of saltating particles is increasing along with their mean speed. This apparent increase in mean speed is likely due to the preferential removal, or sequestration, of the slower moving particles across the size spectrum, as they travel through the roughness array. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.