On the transfer of stratospheric ozone into the troposphere near the north pole

A series of nearly daily ozone vertical profiles obtained at station T-3 on Fletcher's Ice Island (85°N, 90°W) during the period January-March 1971 shows several significant ozone intrusions into the troposphere. These intrusions are not only associated with enhanced ozone amounts in the stratosphere but also require tropopause folding events to transport ozone into the troposphere. These folds in the Arctic tropopause appear to be capable of contributing significantly to the ozone budget of the Arctic troposphere during the late winter and spring seasons. The importance of tropopause folding for bringing ozone into the troposphere seen in the daily ozone profiles confirms the results found in the Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program aircraft flights.     

Deformational history of the Precambrian Kolar Schist Belt,South India: Constraints for the tectonic evolution

In the Kolar Schist Belt well-preserved small-scale diastrophic structures suggest four phases of folding (F₁ — F₄). The near coaxial F₁ andF ₂folds are both isoclinal with long-drawn out limbs and sharp hinges. The axial planes of bothF ₁andF ₂folds are subvertical with N-S strikes; these control the linear outcrop pattern of the Schist belt. The later folds (F ₃and F₄) are important in small-to-intermediate scales only and are accommodation structures formed during the relaxation period of the early folding episodes. Mesoscopic shear zones, post-F₂ but pre-F₃ in age, are present in all the rock types in this area. The F₁ and F₂ folds and the mesoscopic shear zones were formed during a continuous E-W subhorizontal compression. Available geochemical and isotopic data show that the Kolar Schist Belt with ensimatic setting is bounded by two granitic terrains of contrasting evolutionary histories. This, together with E-W subhorizontal compression over a protracted period of time, strengthens the recent suggestions that the Kolar Schist Belt represents a suture. This belt then marks the site of a continent-continent collision event of late Archaean-early Proterozoic age.     

内蒙古大梁道班地区叠加褶皱构造分析

内蒙古大梁道班地区位于二连-贺根山缝合带和西拉木伦断裂带之间,区内广泛发育大面积浅变质岩和火山岩。该地区横跨叠加褶皱较为典型,通过1:5万区域地质调查和研究横跨叠加褶皱的几何学、运动学特征,并对其形态、组合关系以及产状要素等进行半定量分析,大量统计与不同期次褶皱相配置的线理和面理数据,利用赤平投影,厘定出本区的三期叠加褶皱变形,同时建立本区的构造变形序列。认为第一期褶皱以区域规模的大型紧闭平卧褶皱为特征;第二期褶皱是在第一期褶皱的基础上发生的横跨叠加褶皱;第三期褶皱是以第二期褶皱轴面劈理和面理在走向上的蛇形弯曲为标志形成的宽缓直立褶皱。     

大巴山弧形构造带中段渔渡地区侏罗纪叠加变形研究

大巴山构造带是秦岭造山带南部发育的一个以逆冲推覆构造为特征的构造带。通过在大巴山弧形构造带中段渔渡地区进行的详细构造解析发现,大巴山构造带在侏罗纪以来经历了至少两期变形叠加,变形地层三叠系嘉陵江组—侏罗系沙溪庙组。早期变形以与滑脱构造相关的轴向北西—北北西向箱状或隔挡状褶皱为主,并在深部发育顺层滑脱构造,变形时代为晚侏罗世到早白垩世。晚期变形与北侧逆冲相关,导致右行走滑变形,主要形成右行走滑断层和北西—北北西向紧闭褶皱,变形时代比第一期稍晚,为晚侏罗世之后到早白垩世。两期变形形成的褶皱延伸方向一致,与区域构造线的方向协调,而且在远离北侧镇巴断裂的地区变形强度有减弱的趋势,两期变形叠加形成共轴或斜交叠加构造。研究表明,变形与大巴山冲断—推覆构造带向南逆冲有关。     

The role of small‐scale fold and fault development in seismogenic zones: example of the western Huércal‐Overa Basin (eastern Betic Cordillera,Spain)

The NW–SE shortening between the African and the Eurasian plates is accommodated in the eastern Betic Cordillera along a broad area that includes large N‐vergent folds and kilometric NE–SW sinistral faults with related seismicity. We have selected the best exposed small‐scale tectonic structures located in the western Huércal‐Overa Basin (Betic Cordillera) to discuss the seismotectonic implications of such structures usually developed in seismogenic zones. Subvertical ESE–WNW pure dextral faults and E–W to ENE–ESW dextral‐reverse faults and folds deform the Quaternary sediments. The La Molata structure is the most impressive example, including dextral ESE–WNW Neogene faults, active southward‐dipping reverse faults and associated ENE–WSW folds. A molar M1 assigned to Mimomys savini allows for precise dating of the folded sediments (0.95–0.83 Ma). Strain rates calculated across this structure give ～0.006 mm a^?1 horizontal shortening from the Middle Pleistocene up until now. The widespread active deformations on small‐scale structures contribute to elastic energy dissipation around the large seismogenic zones of the eastern Betics, decreasing the seismic hazard of major fault zones. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Complex microstructures preserved in rocks with a simple matrix: significance for deformation and metamorphic processes

Schists from the foothills of the Central Sierra Nevada contain one dominant matrix foliation and yet four phases of growth of both cordierite and andalusite porphyroblasts can be distinguished. These occurred early during four separate deformation events that formed successive steep and shallow foliations. A fifth deformation event pre-dates the growth of all porphyroblasts studied. The multiple phases of porphyroblast growth allow correlation of structures across and along the region. A repeated pattern of deformation, in terms of the curvature of earlier foliations against the overprinting one, allows samples containing porphyroblasts with simpler inclusion trail geometries to be interpreted with confidence. The large-scale fold structures in this region formed before or during the second of the five deformation events recorded by the porphyroblasts. However, the matrix foliation is predominantly a product of the fourth deformation, which has commonly reactivated or re-used older foliations, and is dominated by east-side-up shear. The intervening third deformation produced locally intense foliations and was accompanied by top-to-the-east shear. The very weak fifth deformation produced weak crenulations with subhorizontal axial planes and was coaxial. Multiple phases of episodic but synchronous growth of cordierite and andalusite were produced by the KFMASH univariant equilibrium Ms+Chl+Qtz=And+Crd+Bt+H₂O. The rocks crossed this reaction at a pressure just below the intersection with the KFMASH divariant equilibrium Ms+Chl+Qtz=Crd+Bt+H₂O; the latter being overstepped in favour of the former as there is no evidence for cordierite growth prior to andalusite in these rocks. Subsequent multiple episodes of synchronous growth of cordierite and andalusite indicate that the possible variation in P–T during subsequent deformations was not large. This requires the high-amplitude macroscopic fold to form prior to porphyroblast growth and then be simply tightened and modified by the younger deformations.     

Co-seismic displacements, folding and shortening structures along the Chelungpu surface rupture zone occurred during the 1999 Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake

A nearly 100-km-long surface rupture zone, called Chelungpu surface rupture zone, occurred mostly along the pre-existing Chelungpu fault on the northwestern side of Taiwan, accompanying the 1999 Chi-Chi Ms 7.6 earthquake. The Chelungpu surface rupture zone can be divided into four segments based on the characteristics of co-seismic displacements, geometry of the surface ruptures and geological structures. These segments generally show a right-step en echelon form and strike NE–SW to N–S, and dip to the east with angles ranging from 50 to 85°. The co-seismic flexural-slip folding structures commonly occurred in or near the surface rupture zone from a few meters to a few hundreds of meters in width, which have an orientation in fold axes parallel or oblique to the surface rupture zone. The displacements measured in the southern three segments are approximately 1.0–3.0 m horizontally and 2.0–4.0 m vertically. The largest displacements were measured in the northern segment, 11.1 m horizontally and 7.5 m vertically, respectively. The amount of co-seismic horizontal shortening caused by flexural-slip folding and reverse faulting in the surface rupture zone is generally less than 3 m. It is evident that the co-seismic displacements of the surface rupture zone are a quantitative surface indicator of the faulting process in the earthquake source fault. The relations between the geometry and geomorphology of the surface rupture zone, dips of the co-seismic faulting planes and the striations on the main fault planes generated during the co-seismic displacement, show that the Chelungpu surface rupture zone is a reverse fault zone with a large left-lateral component.     

弯曲溢洪道挑流消能试验研究

为避免加剧弯曲溢洪道的不良振动,对弯道水流的挑流消能问题进行研究。通过试验研究的方法,提出了一种适用于弯曲溢洪道的新型挑流消能工,结合渠底超高法对弯道水流的干扰,使水流在质量力的作用下分流,有效降低和减小了回水的流量范围,增加了挑流水舌的纵向长度。通过对比两种不同凹岸边墙半径的弯曲束窄差动式斜切挑坎和弯曲连续斜切挑坎的回流、挑流和分流等特性,根据水流运动特性和流线的几何关系,提出了一种判断该新型挑坎发生回水的半理论半经验方法。研究发现高坎的收缩程度和凹岸边墙半径是影响分流和回水的主要因素,通过对高坎水流运动特性的分析,拟合流量、凹岸边墙半径与高坎折冲水流出流方向角γ的经验公式,推导了高坎分流临界角度γc的计算表达式,计算结果与试验测量结果吻合良好,可以为弯道水流挑流消能的工程应用和运行提供参考。     

Kinematics of large scale asymmetric folds and associated smaller scale brittle — Ductile structures in the proterozoic somnur formation, pranhita — Godavari Valley, South India

The development of structural elements and finite strain data are analysed to constrain kinematics of folds and faults at various scales within a Proterozoic fold-and-thrust belt in Pranhita-Godavari basin, south India. The first order structures in this belt are interpreted as large scale buckle folds above a subsurface decollement emphasizing the importance of detachment folding in thin skinned deformation of a sedimentary prism lying above a gneissic basement. That the folds have developed through fixed-hinge buckling is constrained by the nature of variation of mesoscopic fabric over large folds and finite strain data. Relatively low, irrotational flattening strain (X:Z-3.1-4.8, k<1) are associated with zones of near upright early mesoscopic folds and cleavage, whereas large flattening strain (X:Z-3.9-7.3, k<1) involving noncoaxiality are linked to domains of asymmetric, later inclined folds, faults and intense cleavage on the hanging wall of thrusts on the flanks of large folds. In the latter case, the bulk strain can be factorized to components of pure shear and simple shear with a maximum shearing strain of 3. The present work reiterates the importance of analysis of minor structures in conjunction with strain data to unravel the kinematic history of fold-and-thrust belts developed at shallow crustal level.     

南安集海-南玛纳斯背斜的构造分析及其横向转换研究

南安集海背斜和南玛纳斯背斜属于准噶尔南缘山前中西段第一排构造带,构造变形异常强烈,呈典型的堆跺式双重构造.通过应用断层相关褶皱的构造几何分析方法,用计算机对南安集海-南玛纳斯背斜带内的基干地震剖面进行了构造解析,南玛纳斯背斜是在霍-玛-吐断裂上叠加一堆跺式双重构造组成,向西南玛纳斯背斜上的堆跺式双重构造逐渐消失,同时霍-玛-吐断裂位移量逐渐转换成反向逆冲断层,形成南安集海背斜的复合型构造三角楔.通过构造解析,弄清了它们在三维空间中的过渡转换关系,对后继的南缘山前构造带的勘探开发具有参考意义.