甘肃阳山超大型卡林-类卡林型复合式金矿床特征

阳山金矿于世纪之交勘查并扩大为超大微细浸染型金矿,矿床形成受地层、浅成花岗斑岩、韧-脆性剪切构造及热液活动的多种因素的叠加与改造控制,研究认为矿床具有卡林型和类卡林型两种矿化类型特点,卡林型矿化于韧性剪切早、早—中期阶段和晚期阶段,分别出现含砷黄铁矿-毒砂-次显微金-白云石-石英矿化组合及黄铁矿-辉锑矿-石英方解石矿化组合,及Au-As-Sb-Hg的成矿地球化学组合;类卡林型矿化出现在脆性中—晚期阶段,以黄铁矿-毒砂-自然金-碲铋矿-白云石-石英矿化(含黄铜-闪锌-方铅矿)组合为特征,及Au-As-Cu-Pb-Zn-Te-Bi成矿地球化学组合。阳山复合式金矿含矿地层中沉积成岩黄铁矿δ34S为-24.6‰～-29.0‰,早期—早中期韧-脆性剪切金属硫化物矿化产物δ34S值为5.0‰～7.0‰,中—晚期蚀变花岗斑岩中金属硫化物矿化产物δ34S值为-2.9‰～-2.1‰,显示地层中生物硫、强变形造山带地壳硫、少量岩浆硫混入的多源特征。流体包裹体氢氧同位素与硫同位素近同步特征,成矿热液显示地下流体、强烈改造水和少量岩浆水的混合。     

Measurement of terrace deformation and crustal shortening of some renascent fold zones within Kalpin nappe structure

The Kalpin nappe structure is a strongest thrust and fold deformation belt in front of the Tianshan Mountains since the Cenozoic time. The tectonic deformation occurred in 5―6 striking Meso-zoic-Cenozoic fold zones, and some renascent folds formed on the recent alluvial-proluvial fans in front of the folded mountains. We used the total station to measure gully terraces along the longitudinal to-pographic profile in the renascent fold zones and collected samples from terrace deposits for age de-termination. Using the obtained formation time and shortening amount of the deformed terraces, we calculated the shortening rate of 4 renascent folds to be 0.1±0.03 mm/a, 0.12±0.04 mm/a, 0.59±0.18 mm/a, and 0.26±0.08 mm/a, respectively. The formation time of the renascent folds is some later than the major tectonic uplift event of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 0.14 Ma ago. It may be the long-distance effect of this tectonic event on the Tianshan piedmont fold belt.     

胶东山城金矿叠加分带序列分解与叠加矿化性质识别

为适应地球化学分带的复杂性,定义了叠加分带序列和矿化阶段分带序列的概念,提出了叠加分带序列分解及叠加矿化性质识别方法。在胶东山城金矿岩石地球化学勘查中该方法获得成功的应用。揭露了该矿区已知矿体的常规分带序列中隐含的两种矿化叠加性质：１号脉为无工业意义的矿化叠加;８号脉则主要为下部隐伏矿体的叠加,并已得到后期勘探验证。     

Satellite-based Observational Study of the Tibetan Plateau Vortex:Features of Deep Convective Cloud Tops

In this study, an east-moving Tibetan Plateau vortex (TPV) is analyzed by using the ERA-5 reanalysis and multi-source satellite data, including FengYun-2E, Aqua/MODIS and CALIPSO. The objective is to demonstrate: (i) the usefulness of multi-spectral satellite observations in understanding the evolution of a TPV and the associated rainfall, and (ii) the potential significance of cloud-top quantitative information in improving Southwest China weather forecasts. Results in this study show that the heavy rainfall is caused by the coupling of an east-moving TPV and some low-level weather systems [a Plateau shear line and a Southwest Vortex (SWV)], wherein the TPV is a key component. During the TPV's life cycle, the rainfall and vortex intensity maintain a significant positive correlation with the convective cloud-top fraction and height within a 2.5° radius away from its center. Moreover, its growth is found to be quite sensitive to the cloud phases and particle sizes. In the mature stage when the TPV is coupled with an SWV, an increase of small ice crystal particles and appearance of ring- and U/V-shaped cold cloud-top structures can be seen as the signature of a stronger convection and rainfall enhancement within the TPV. A tropopause folding caused by ageostrophic flows at the upper level may be a key factor in the formation of ring-shaped and U/V-shaped cloud-top structures. Based on these results, we believe that the supplementary quantitative information of an east-moving TPV cloud top collected by multi-spectral satellite observations could help to improve Southwest China short-range/nowcasting weather forecasts.     

川东明月峡双重楔形构造叠加模式

川东隔挡式褶皱由一系列北东走向的线性褶皱带组成,为典型的高陡背斜构造带。该区油气勘探目的层主要集中在中浅层石炭系,而且钻井主要位于构造核部,钻井深度相对较浅,由于地震资料对构造陡翼地层的反射资料显示品质较差,从而对该构造认识出现了多种解释结果。笔者应用断层相关褶皱理论,依据钻井资料标定,对川东褶皱带典型构造明月峡背斜构造的二维地震剖面测网及两条宽线二维地震剖面重新进行详细构造分析及解释。解释结果表明,如果假定地层厚度不变,明月峡构造样式可以认为是两个楔形构造垂向上叠合而成,发育两期构造。据此本文提出了明月峡背斜双楔形构造发育几何学模式图,分析了两期楔形构造垂向上叠加模式。根据已有的研究成果,地表变形是深部逆冲作用的结果,推测早期中浅层构造变形时间为中白垩世,晚期深层构造为晚新生代时期,而且晚期构造改造了早期构造。构造解释结果给出,剖面几何形态为浅层发育向东的反冲断层扩展褶皱,中深层分别以三叠系膏岩和志留系泥页岩为顶、底滑脱面的楔形构造,深层构造分别以志留系泥页岩和震旦系泥页岩为顶、底滑脱面的楔形构造。构造几何分析指出,深层楔形构造形成时间晚于中深层楔形构造,并改造了早期中深层楔形构造,从而出现了构造高点的向西偏移的现象。在平面分布上,明月峡背斜浅层高陡构造背斜东翼宽度从北向南逐渐变窄,深层楔形体楔形角度逐渐变大,构造缩短量相应增加。     

中国中始新世—早更新世构造事件与应力场

中始新世—渐新世（52—23．3Ma）的华北构造期是以太平洋板块朝NWW方向位移为主要特征,使我国大陆受到近东西向的挤压,造成一系列近南北向的褶皱、逆掩断层和许多走向近东西的正断层、单断箕状盆地。此构造事件的发生可能与始新世末期北美、加勒比海和东太平洋的大量微玻璃陨石的坠落、冲击有关。中新世--早更新世（23．3⁰．7Ma）的喜马拉雅构造期是以印度—澳大利亚板块与菲律宾海板块向北推移为主要特征,造成喜马拉雅山和日本列岛南部的俯冲带,使我国西部发育走向近东西的褶皱、逆掩断层系,而在东部地区则形成许多走向近南北的深切地幔的正断层系.并使南海与日本海再次张开。出现洋壳。喜马拉雅构造事件可能与印度洋、南亚、澳大利亚附近地区的微玻璃陨石群的冲击有关。     

Relationship between the Altyn Tagh strike-slip fault and the Qaidam Basin：New insights from superposed buckle folding in Hongsanhan

ABSTRACT

The relationship between the sinistral strike-slip Altyn Tagh Fault (ATF) and the internal tectonic deformation of the Qaidam Basin remains a controversial issue. Uncovering the relationship between the structures along the southern slope of the ATF is a viable solution to this problem. The ‘snake-like’ Hongsanhan superposed fold is located on the southern slope of the ATF. The Hongsanhan structure is controlled by the superposition of two generations of folds. The first-generation NW–SE-trending f₁ fold, which developed during the Oligocene, constitutes the principal component of the present-day Hongsanhan fold, while the second-generation NE–SW-trending f₂ folds formed during the middle Miocene. The structure of the Hongsanhan superposed fold proves that the large-scale sinistral strike-slip movements along the ATF began during the Oligocene. In addition, a flower structure associated with the ATF continuously extends into the Qaidam Basin.     

Kizawa tunnel cracked on 23 October 2004 Mid-Niigata earthquake: An example of earthquake-induced damage to tunnels in active-folding zones

Earthquakes in active-folding zones often trigger long-lasting landform changes. Since an underground structure closely follows the motion of its surrounding soils and rocks even after it was damaged in an intense earthquake, experts in charge of reconstruction have to wait until they are convinced that the soils and rocks have been stabilized. Kizawa tunnel was seriously cracked during the 23 October 2004 Mid-Niigata Earthquake. The upper half of the tunnel's cross-section near the north mouth shifted about 0.5 m sideways. Since a ring-shaped cross-section of a tunnel sustains the surrounding soil pressure, this crack pattern seemed to be serious. The authors collaborated with the Nagaoka Regional Development Bureau, Niigata Prefectural Government, in investigating the causes of the damage and in conducting long-term observation of the soils and rocks. This paper summarizes some findings for rational rehabilitations through the investigations.     

Tectonic geomorphology and hydrocarbon induced topography of the Mid-Channel Anticline, Santa Barbara Basin, California

The geomorphology of the western sector of the Mid-Channel Anticline (MCA), Santa Barbara, southern California suggests the actively growing fold is laterally propagating to the west. The presence of fold scarps and cross faults that segment the structure suggests that buried faults that are producing the folding are present at shallow depths. The summit area of the anticline at the Last Glacial Maximum (22 to 19 ka) was probably a small late Pleistocene island. Evidence for presence of the island includes what appears to be terrestrial erosion and is supported by assumption of sea level change and rates of uplift and subsidence.Pockmarks and domes ranging in diameter from  10 to 100 m, and several meters deep are present along the crest and flanks of the MCA. These features appear to be the result of hydrocarbon emission. Their formation has significantly modified the surface features, producing simple to complex erosional and/or constructional topography. A large pockmark near the anticline crest dated by two calibrated AMS radiocarbon dates of 25.3 and 36.9 ka continues to emit hydrocarbon gases. We term the topography produced by hydrocarbon emission as Hydrocarbon Induced Topography (HIT).