侵蚀泥沙、有机质和全氮富集规律

Serious soil erosion has already resulted in degradation of the Loess Plateau of China. Soil erosion is commonly accompanied by extensive soil nutrient loss. Because of enrichment processes,sediment nutrient content is often higher than that of natural soil. The objective of this study is to determine the enrichments of organic matter and total nitrogen in sediment in hilly and gully loess areas on the Loess Plateau of China. Measurements of enrichment ratios (ER) of organic matter (EROM) and total nitrogen (ERTN) in sediment as affected by rainfall, slope gradient, tillage, and fertilization were made in the field under natural rainfall conditions. The results showed that the enrichment of clay in sediment resulted in the enrichment of organic matter (OM) and total nitrogen(TN) in sediment. The averages of sediment clay ER, EROM and ERTN for the various slope gradients were 1.77, 2.09 and 1.61, respectively. The soil erosive module was negatively correlated with EROM and ERTN. Our results indicate that measures to reduce soil erosion, i.e. reducing rainfall erosivity, decreasing soil slope gradient, decreasing fertilizer use, and using level trenches, may increase EROM and ERTN. Both quantity and quality of sediment yield should be considered when implementing erosion control measures.     

Weak discontinuity in porous media: an enriched EFG method for fully coupled layered porous media

In this paper, a series of multimaterial benchmark problems in saturated and partially saturated two‐phase and three‐phase deforming porous media are addressed. To solve the process of fluid flow in partially saturated porous media, a fully coupled three‐phase formulation is developed on the basis of available experimental relations for updating saturation and permeabilities during the analysis. The well‐known element free Galerkin mesh‐free method is adopted. The partition of unity property of MLS shape functions allows for the field variables to be extrinsically enriched by appropriate functions that introduce existing discontinuities in the solution field. Enrichment of the main unknowns including solid displacement, water phase pressure, and gas phase pressure are accounted for, and a suitable enrichment strategy for different discontinuity types are discussed. In the case of weak discontinuity, the enrichment technique previously used by Krongauz and Belytschko [Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng., 1998; 41:1215–1233] is selected. As these functions possess discontinuity in their first derivatives, they can be used for modeling material interfaces, generating only minor oscillations in derivative fields (strain and pressure gradients for multiphase porous media), as opposed to unenriched and constrained mesh‐free methods. Different problems of multimaterial poro‐elasticity including fully saturated, partially saturated one, and two‐phase flows under the assumption of fully coupled extended formulation of Biot are examined. As a further development, problems involved with both material interface and impermeable discontinuities, where no fluid exchange is permitted across the discontinuity, are considered and numerically discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

新疆萨瓦布其地区含铀煤成因分析

萨瓦布其地区煤岩型铀矿化产于中-下侏罗统克拉苏群煤层中,该套含煤地层形成于温湿条件下的山前辫状河和辫状河三角洲沉积环境中,在成岩以后的后生阶段遭受了3次构造运动的影响,其中喜山期构造运动对煤岩型铀矿化最为有利。该区含铀煤变质程度较低,在后期构造运动中发生高角度倾斜甚至倒转,煤岩型铀矿化主要受后期的潜水氧化带、煤层产状以及断裂控制,具明显的后生富集成因特征。     

云南罗平生物群产出层位沉积微相及其化石富集规律

云南罗平上石坎剖面是产出罗平生物群的代表性剖面。参考Wilson的标准微相模式,从产化石层位识别出6种沉积微相:灰泥灰岩、生屑粒泥灰岩、粪球粒-生屑泥灰岩、纹层状泥晶灰岩、生屑泥粒灰岩和砾屑灰岩。通过在化石采掘现场对化石富集层位的统计,将产化石层位细分为生物群上层段UFH(Upper Fossil Horizon)和生物群下层段LFH(Lower Fossil Horizon),并进一步探讨了每个层段中沉积微相与化石富集规律的关系,发现化石富集程度高的层段主要发育灰泥灰岩、生屑粒泥灰岩、粪球粒-生屑泥灰岩、纹层状泥晶灰岩等4种沉积微相。这种沉积微相组合主要发育在深水、低能的台内盆地环境中,环境水体的滞留、缺氧给生物埋藏提供了良好的条件。     

Nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth in the freshwater tidal zone of a turbid,Mediterranean estuary

Identification of the limiting nutrient(s) is a requirement for the rational management of eutrophication. Here, we present the first experimental analysis of nutrient limitation of phytoplankton growth and its seasonal variation in the Guadiana estuary (SE Portugal-SW Spain). Ten microcosm experiments were performed during 2005 and 2008, using water samples collected in the freshwater tidal zone of the Guadiana estuary. Nitrate, phosphate and silicate were added in a single pulse, alone and in combinations. Experimental treatments were incubated for 4 days under controlled laboratory conditions. Phytoplankton response to nutrient enrichment was evaluated through changes in biomass (Chla), and abundance of specific phytoplankton groups.     

Effects of Organic Enrichment on Sandy Beach Meiofauna:A Laboratory Microcosm Experiment

Meiofauna samples from intertidal sediments of Qingdao No.2 Bathing Beach, China, were collected for field study, and subjected to organic enrichment in a laboratory microcosm experiment for 21 d. There were three different treatments including non-organic addition as the control, low-organic enrichment (2 g DW green algae per 150 mL) and high-organic enrichment (10 g DW green algae per 150 mL). After 21 d, the meiofauna richness decreased in both organic enrichment treatments. Among the three treatments, t...     

铅锌矿床中微量元素富集贫化规律研究——以福建丁家山铅锌矿和江苏甘家巷铅锌矿为例

依据福建丁家山和江苏甘家巷铅锌矿床试验资料,探讨了铅锌矿床中微量元素的富集贫化规律。在两个铅锌矿床中,除存在成矿元素及其伴生元素的富集以外,还存在着部分亲石分散元素、铁族元素、稀土元素等的贫化。发生贫化的微量元素因矿床而异,既有共性又有特殊性。Ba等微量元素在铅锌矿床中显著贫化并且随着Pb矿化增强贫化程度增强的规律,可以作为判断铅锌矿的地球化学异常的成矿前景。此项研究成果为实现地球化学勘查指标的定量化提供了基础。     

嵩县公峪金矿矿化富集规律浅析

构造蚀变岩型金矿产于拆离断层附近陡倾斜破碎带中 ,矿体定位明显受控于拆离断层。文中分析了不同成矿阶段、围岩蚀变和含金破碎带产状变化对矿化富集的影响。根据矿化和主要蚀变类型的对称分布特点 ,认为拆离断层是金矿的直接导矿构造。     

常压下硫酸盐与基性硅酸盐熔体不混溶的实验研究

自然界中广泛存在硅酸盐与硫酸盐之间的熔体不混溶现象,这种不混溶过程控制了岩浆演化过程的氧逸度变化和岩浆中S的含量,同时也对金属元素的富集具有重要意义。前人对硫酸盐与硅酸盐的熔体不混溶过程及稀土元素在不混溶相分配行为的研究主要集中在碱性硅酸盐与硫酸盐体系,但对基性硅酸盐与硫酸盐的熔体不混溶行为及稀土元素在此过程中的分配规律研究仍相对薄弱。本文选择基性硅酸盐样品与实验用Na₂SO₄按质量比1∶1制成混合实验样品粉末,并添加少量H₃BO₃作为助熔剂,通过马弗炉加热至1 200℃,使粉末完全熔融,并在1 200℃恒温12 h后在马弗炉中快速冷却至常温。对加温-冷却后的样品进行详细的岩矿相、SEM/EDS和不同相态的原位LA-ICP-MS分析。研究结果表明,在1 200℃的条件下,硫酸盐与基性硅酸盐熔体可以大比例混溶,且降温会造成两者的不混溶,在不混溶过程中Na、Ca、K、REEs等趋向于进入硫酸盐熔体。不混溶形成的硫酸盐熔体中,稀土元素含量明显高于残余硅酸盐熔体,但轻重稀土元素没有明显的分异。不混溶硅酸盐熔...