帕里西维拉海盆西缘中段铁锰结核的地球化学特征和成因类型

深海铁锰结核能有效记录海域内重大地质事件和气候环境信息,且富含多种金属物质极具资源潜力,因而广受关注.通过对帕里西维拉海盆西侧边缘中段海域内新发现的12个站位铁锰结核的地球化学特征研究,发现与全球主要成矿区内的铁锰结核相比,Mn及主要赋存在锰氧化物中的Ni、Cu、Mo的含量较低(分别为8.20％～25.24％、0.11...     

四川龙门山地区磷矿、煤矿开采对水系沉积物Cd等元素影响调查

以沱江水系源头流经含磷、含煤地层的绵远河和石亭江为研究对象,以一级阶地早期水系沉积物和河床中现代水系沉积物为采样介质,分析了含磷、含煤地层中常富集的Cu、Pb、Zn、As、Hg、Cd、Cr、U、Th等有毒有害元素.富集因子和水系表壳岩系化学分析结果表明:①绵远河上游龙门山区的现代水系沉积物遭受了显著的Cd、Hg、U富集,主要为磷矿、煤矿开采及相关工业影响所致;进入成都平原后,上游含矿地层及矿业活动对水系沉积物的影响减弱,水系沉积物主要表现为流域表壳岩系在自然风化作用下的正常组成,Cd等元素均为轻微富集.石亭江仅Sr出现显著富集.②龙门山表壳岩系"正常源"的化学组成控制了成都平原第四纪沉积物的背景化学组成.而含磷地层、含煤岩系"异常源"由于层厚及出露面积有限,仅在矿区周围形成Cd、Hg、U、Sr、Ba等元素的局部高值区,对成都平原沉积物的影响仅在两河汇入沱江之前.     

西藏玉龙铜矿床——鼻状构造圈闭控制的特大型矿床

文章研究了背斜圈闭构造控制玉龙斑岩-矽卡岩型铜(钼)矿的形成和矿体的分布。通过对成矿体系中各矿体的产出和形态特征、矿床地球化学原生晕分布特征、圈闭构造的古构造应力场恢复等的研究,认为玉龙铜矿的斑岩型(Ⅰ号矿体)、矽卡岩型(Ⅱ、Ⅴ号似层状原生矿体、Ⅴ号矿体上层矿体)、矽卡岩-次生氧化富集型(Ⅱ、Ⅴ号似层状次生氧化矿体)、角岩型(接触带角岩中硫化物矿体)、隐爆角砾岩型等矿体的分布受甘龙拉背斜的南段倾伏端的构造圈闭控制。因此,超大型玉龙铜(钼)矿床的形成与良好的背斜圈闭构造有关。     

南大洋磷虾富氟机制Ⅰ.氟的化学赋存形态研究

通过对南极大磷虾（Ｅｕｐｈａｕｓｉａ ｓｕｐｅｒｂａ）进行活体生长培养,对其不同部位及生长过程中不同阶段样品进行了氟的形态赋存分析,研究表明磷虾中９０％的氟集中在甲壳中,在其生长脱壳周期中,甲壳和肌肉中的氟含量呈相对应的周期性变化,在脱壳后最初新甲壳和肌肉中氟含量较低,通过生物主动吸收,海水中氟迅速被有效吸收和转化,而磷虾所吸收的氟最终又以存在于旧甲壳中随磷虾脱壳而丢失．在磷虾的生长周期中甲壳和肌肉中的不同化学形态氟赋存变化充分证明了这一点．最后提出了磷虾富氟机制的一个过程模式．     

贺兰山地区春季沙尘气溶胶的化学组分和富集因子分析

春季在贺兰山两侧的内蒙古吉兰泰和宁夏银川机场采集不同沙尘天气条件下的沙尘气溶胶浓度样本,用中子活化分析测定35种元素浓度,揭示了沙尘气溶胶中的元素浓度特征,沙尘天气下沙尘气溶胶中地壳元素含量增加,且含量随沙尘暴强度增强而增大。讨论了作为参考物质的地壳元素的取值及地球化学分类。沙尘气溶胶相对地壳和黄土的富集因子,以亲硫元素和亲沉积层元素为最高。亲地壳元素中的主成分元素在有沙尘天气时,其富集因子也偏高。     

特殊碳同位素组成白云岩的发现及其意义

据现有文献报导,除前寒武系和第三系外,地史时期中白云岩δ13C值主要分布在-5‰～+5‰的范围。但是,作者在研究准噶尔盆地上二叠统芦草沟组白云岩碳同位素时获得了一批高度富集13C的资料,其中白云岩δ13C分布于7.3‰～ 17.9‰,平均11.7‰(7);白云石δ13C介于7.9‰～16,平均11.6‰(5)。根据区域地质、岩石学和矿物学资料,结合现代沉积剖面、细菌作用模拟实验和古代沉积剖面碳酸盐矿物碳同位素特征,分析了白云岩分布特征。作者认为白云岩中如此高的富集除了全球二叠纪生物埋藏速率较快和研究区古盐度较高外,更主要的因素应与厌氧条件下发酵带内细菌作用引起有机物质碳同位素分馏,形成贫的和富的有关。这一过程进行得愈充分,沉积介质中富集的的浓度越高,形成的白云岩碳同位素组成越重。同时,只有这一作用持续存在才能形成大量富的与黑色页岩互层的白云岩。这一现象从一个侧面说明在芦草沟组沉积时有一个持续时间较长的细菌活动时期,从而,生成了数量可观的以甲烷为主的生物气。由于生物气形成时代较老,易于扩散逸失,它们难于单独成藏保存至今,但作为天然气复合成藏来源之一,则应予关注。     

白令海浮游植物添加营养盐培养实验

本文报道 1 999年 7月～ 9月中国首次北极考察期间 ,在白令海进行的一组浮游植物添加营养盐培养实验。实验从 7月 2 3日开始 ,8月 5日结束。培养瓶为两个对照 ,硝酸盐添加为海水浓度的2、4和 8倍 ,磷酸盐添加为海水浓度的 2、4和 8倍。培养瓶在“雪龙”号甲板上的流水控温槽中培养。在培养的第 5天 ,对照、硝酸盐组和磷酸盐组浮游植物增长的趋势一致 ,叶绿素 a增长为初始浓度( 0 .55mg/m3 )的 3.5～ 4.5倍。在培养的第 1 0天 ,硝酸盐组叶绿素 a浓度达到 1 7.6～ 2 4 .0 mg/m3 ,大大高于对照 ( 7.6～ 9mg/m3 )。磷酸盐组叶绿素 a浓度为 9.3～ 1 1 .4mg/m3 ,比对照有所增加 ,但不如硝酸盐组明显。实验结束时各瓶的叶绿素 a浓度都降低。添加较大浓度营养盐的培养瓶中浮游植物的增长要大一些 ,但是并不明显。本实验说明 ,虽然从营养盐的绝对浓度和比例上看 ,都没有明显的 N或 P限制 ,但是白令海潜在着硝酸盐的限制。虽然营养盐的浓度对浮游植物的吸收有一定的影响 ,但是浮游植物吸收的营养盐的绝对数量才是影响浮游植物生长的关键因素     

Increasing nutrient concentrations and the rise and fall of a coastal fishery; a review of data from the Nile Delta,Egypt

There is a conceptual basis, and some empirical evidence, that increasing nutrient loads to coastal waterbodies will initially increase ecosystem productivity up to a threshold, beyond which secondary productivity and fishery yields will decline. Here we have compiled data from the Egyptian and international literature for fish landings and inorganic nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) data from four large coastal lagoons (63–500 km²) on Egypt's Nile Delta to provide evidence for the initially positive, but then negative, response of fishery yields to increased nutrient supply across a very wide range of enrichment (up to 1 mM dissolved organic nitrogen, DIN). Taking the data from the four lagoons as an aggregate, fish landings increase with increased nutrients up to a peak in landings at approximately 100 μM DIN, beyond which there was an exponential decline in landings. It appears that pesticide and heavy metal contamination and overfishing played only minor roles in the lowered fishery yield at highest DIN concentrations. We do not have sufficient evidence about the specific mechanisms that led to the decline of the fishery, but suspect that some feature of eutrophication—low oxygen, for example, may have been involved.     

Effects of metal pollution and macronutrient enrichment on the photoproduction of hydroxyl radicals in seawater by the alga Dunaliella salina

The marine microalga Dunaliella salina was used as a model organism in this study. Hydroxyl radicals (OH) were determined using HPLC with sodium benzoate as a probe, and the photochemical activity of marine alga in the formation of OH was confirmed for the first time. Coastal organisms are often exposed to both metal pollution and macronutrient enrichment, and so the effects of algal concentration, exposure time, macronutrient (nitrate and phosphate) additions and metal pollution (5.0 μg/L Pb(II) and 0.1 μg/L methylmercury) on the photoproduction of OH were examined. Photoproduction was increased with increasing algal concentration and with exposure time. It could be increased greatly, with or without the presence of D. salina, by the addition of Pb(II), or Pb(II) and methylmercury, but was decreased by the addition of methylmercury only. Photoproduction of OH was positively correlated with the amount of basic functional groups on the cell's surface and also with the chlorophyll a content per cell. The influence of macronutrient additions on the photoproduction of OH resulted from the photolysis of nitrate and their effects on the photochemical activity of D. salina.     

Impacts of urban wastewater discharge on seagrass meadows (Zostera noltii)

The abiotic disturbance of urban wastewater discharge and its effects in the population structure, plant morphology, leaf nutrient content, epiphyte load and macroalgae abundance of Zostera noltii meadows were investigated in Ria Formosa coastal lagoon, southern Portugal using both univariate and multivariate analysis. Four sites were assessed, on a seasonal basis, along a gradient from a major Waste Water Treatment Works (WWTW) discharge to a main navigation channel. The wastewater discharge caused an evident environmental disturbance through the nutrient enrichment of the water and sediment, particularly of ammonium. Zostera noltii of the sites closest to the nutrient source showed higher leaf N content, clearly reflecting the nitrogen load. The anthropogenic nutrient enrichment resulted in higher biomass, and higher leaf and internode length, except for the meadow closest to the wastewater discharge (270 m). The high ammonium concentration (158–663 μM) in the water at this site resulted in the decrease of biomass, and both the leaf and internode length, suggesting a toxic effect on Z. noltii. The higher abundance of macroalgae and epiphytes found in the meadow closest to the nutrient source may also affect the species negatively. Shoot density was higher at the nutrient-undisturbed site. Two of the three abiotic processes revealed by Principal Component Analysis were clearly related to the WWTW discharge, a contrast between water column salinity and nutrient concentration and a sediment contrast between both porewater nutrients and temperature and redox potential. A multiple regression analysis showed that these abiotic processes had a significant effect on the biomass-density dynamics of meadows and on the overall size of Z. noltii plants, respectively. Results show that the wastewater discharge is an important source of environmental disturbance and nutrients availability in Ria Formosa lagoon affecting the population structure, morphology and N content of Z. noltii. This impact is spatially restricted to areas up to 600 m distant from the WWTW discharge, probably due to the high water renewal of the lagoon.