基于微控制器数字硬件实现的网格涡卷超混沌系统

基于微控制器(MCU)设计了一个通用的四维混沌系统数字硬件实验电路,由此实现了9×7网格涡卷的混沌和超混沌吸引子的生成.本文基于由Colpitts振荡器模型延伸出的四维多涡卷超混沌系统,通过引入单位锯齿波函数替换原系统中的三角波函数,构建了一个便于MCU数字硬件实现的新的网格涡卷超混沌系统,并对新系统网格涡卷吸引子的形成机理进行了分析和数值仿真.通过采用Euler算法对新系统进行离散化,在实验电路的有效动态范围内可以生成比原系统更多网格涡卷数量的吸引子.实验结果有效验证了本文基于MCU实现的网格涡卷超混沌     

Development of a Cell-based model to derive direct runoff hydrographs for ungauged mountainous basins

A model to derive direct runoff hydrograph for an ungauged basin using the physical properties of the basin is presented. The basin is divided into grid cells and canal elements. Overland flow is generated from each grid cell of the basin by application of continuous effective rainfall of 1 mm/hr to the basin. The flow generated is routed through downstream grid cells and the canal elements using the kinematic wave approach. The travel time for direct runoff from each grid cell to the basin outlet is calculated and the S-curve is derived for the basin. The S-curve is used to derive the unit hydrograph of a given duration for the basin. The model, referred as Cell-basin model was applied to the Upper Kotmale Basin in Sri Lanka and the model predictions of direct runoff hydrographs for rainfall events agreed with the observations to a reasonable accuracy. Comparison of the unit hydrographs obtained from the model and from the conventional Snyder’s synthetic unit hydrograph using regionalized parameters assuming the basin as an ungauged basin, with the unit hydrograph derived from the observations showed that the model predicted unit hydrograph was more suitable than that obtained by Snyder’s method for Sri Lankan up country basins. Thus, the present model is a useful tool to obtain direct runoff hydrograph for ungauged basins.     

山地地震资料叠前时间偏移方法及其GPU实现

山地地区地下地质结构复杂,地表高差大,变化剧烈.目前该类地区地震勘探中主要的成像手段依然是Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移.但地表高程的剧烈变化使叠前时间偏移的基准面很难选择.本文在传统方法的基础上,提出了一种在浮动基准面上修正常规叠前时间偏移走时计算的叠前时间偏移方法,该方法能够很大程度上提高山地地区、特别是地表高差变化大地区的成像效果.本文还介绍了GPU 在叠前时间偏移上的应用,通过GPU 对〖JP2〗叠前时间偏移的优化和实现,得出如下结论：应用单颗NVIDIA Tesla C1060 GPU 进行叠前时间偏移,相比应用主频2.5 GHz〖JP〗的单核CPU计算效率可提高70倍以上.     

Lava flow superposition: The reactivation of flow units in compound 'a'ā flows

Basaltic 'a'ā lava flows often demonstrate compound morphology, consisting of many juxtaposed and superposed flow units. Following observations made during the 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna, Sicily, we examine the processes that can result from the superposition of flow units when the underlying units are sufficiently young to have immature crusts and deformable cores. During this eruption, we observed that the emplacement of new surface flow units may reactivate older, underlying units by squeezing the still-hot flow core away from the site of loading. Here, we illustrate three different styles of reactivation that depend on the time elapsed between the emplacement of the two flow units, hence the rheological contrast between them. For relatively long time intervals (2 to 15 days), and consequently significant rheological contrasts, superposition can pressurise the underlying flow unit, leading to crustal rupture and the subsequent extrusion of a small volume of high yield strength lava. Following shorter intervals (1 to 2 days), the increased pressure caused by superposition can result in renewed, slow advance of the underlying immature flow unit front. On timescales of < 1 day, where there is little rheological contrast between the two units, the thin intervening crust can be disrupted during superposition, allowing mixing of the flow cores, large-scale reactivation of both units, and widespread channel drainage. This mechanism may explain the presence of drained channels in flows that are known to have been cooling-limited, contrary to the usual interpretation of drainage as an indicator of volume-limited behaviour. Because the remobilisation of previously stagnant lava can occur swiftly and unexpectedly, it may pose a significant hazard during the emplacement of compound flows. Constant monitoring of flow development to identify areas where superposition is occurring is therefore recommended, as this may allow potentially hazardous rapid drainage events to be forecast. Reactivation processes should also be borne in mind when reconstructing the emplacement of old lava flow fields, as failure to recognise their effects may result in the misinterpretation of features such as drained channels.     

新开河流域土地利用格局变化图谱分析

基于地学信息图谱分析方法,运用ARC/INFO软件,以马尔柯夫空间概率模型为基础,利用新开河流域33 年(1969-2001 年) 土地利用格局4 期的空间数据(1969 年、1979 年、1992年、2001 年),合成了一系列土地利用格局变化图谱,通过图谱分析来了解新开河流域的土地利用格局变化规律。结果表明：在过去33 年期间该流域土地利用格局发生了显著变化。耕地大幅度增加,其净增面积1357.2 km²,占流域总面积超过32%,其主要来源于草地、沙地、沼泽地、林地;沙地变化有所起伏,占流域总面积不低于23%,虽然总体呈减少趋势,但流域的草地沙化、耕地沙化还比较严重;草地大幅度减少,其净减面积1582.6 km²,占流域总面积由36.2%缩减为18.5%,其主要来源于开垦草地为耕地、草地退化成沙地、沼泽地、盐碱地以及草地改造种植林地;居民地、盐碱地呈增加趋势,湿地、林地呈减少趋势。     

基于网格单元的喀斯特石漠化评价研究

以盘县为例,综合遥感数据等多种数据源,在ARCGIS软件中应用格网分析技术,建立石漠化综合评价指数,对研究区2004年石漠化空间分布图进行100 m×100 m、200 m×200 m、500 m×500 m、1 000 m×1 000 m格网分析,绘制基于单元的石漠化分布图,以探索区域尺度上石漠化评价的方法及其随空间尺度的变化。建立石漠化综合指数,充分考虑一定空间单元内的石漠化面积比例和斑块组合,评价结果反映石漠化严重程度的空间异质性。结果发现基于4种网格的石漠化评价结果与石漠化现状分布图存在一定的差异,其中对极强度石漠化的评价差异最小,对轻度石漠化评价的差异最大。     

利用灰关联聚类法划分并预测流动单元

流动单元是在侧向和垂向上连续的具有相同的影响流体流动特征参数的储层单元。流动单元的确定可以为储层非均质性研究提供更准确的分层。作者利用岩心和测井资料, 选用了可以反映宏观与微观、沉积和成岩特征的８ 个参数： 岩性、岩石相、泥质含量、胶结指数、粒度中值、渗透率、孔隙度和参数流动层指示器ＦＺＩ, 采用灰关联聚类法在大港油田官８０ 断块预测了未取心井的流动单元类型     

中国第四纪地层研究中的若干问题

当前我国第四纪地层研究中存在的不规范和地层混乱现象,主要表现是：长期忽视第四纪岩石地层单位的建立和研究,将岩石地层单位与年代地层单位混用,过分强调多重地层单位界线的一致性等等。当前的第四纪（系）划分方案存在不妥之处,建议：１）将第四纪（系）四分; ２）尽快制定《中国第四系地层规范》,以适应即将开始的新一轮国土资源大调查的需要。     

苏南地区前第四纪岩石地层主要特征及几点认识

依据“苏南及沿江地区１∶５万区调片区总结”的成果,概述了苏南地区前第四纪岩石地层的划分、岩性、分布、古地理沉积环境及其演化等主要特征,并就埤城岩群的原岩恢复,大王山组、黄尖组的时代归属,西区中—上新世地层划分等问题进行了讨论,提出了一些新认识。