APPLICATION OF A GROUPED RESPONSE UNIT HYDROLOGICAL MODEL TO A NORTHERN WETLAND REGION

Applications of hydrological models to northern wetland-dominated regions have been limited in the past to a few case studies on small basins employing ‘lumped’ models. Only recently have there been attempts to apply the grouped response unit (GRU) distributed modelling approach using terrain classifications to these same basins. This study summarizes recent efforts in applying such a model. For the purposes of implementing the GRU approach, terrain types that are hydrologically significant and characteristic to the wetland-dominated regime were successfully discriminated using a principal component analysis and a hybrid unsupervised/supervised classification technique on Landsat–Thematic Mapper imagery. The terrain classifications were then used as input into a distributed hydrological model for calibration and validation using recorded spring runoff events. Preliminary model applications and results are described. Calibration to a historic spring runoff event yielded an r² value of 0.86. Model validation, however, yielded much poorer results. The problems of model applicability to this region and limitations of sparse data networks are highlighted. The need for more field research in this type of hydrological regime, and associated improvements to the model parameter set are also identified.     

FLOOD MODELLING WITH GIS-DERIVED DISTRIBUTED UNIT HYDROGRAPHS

The concept of a spatially distributed unit hydrograph is based on the fact that the unit hydrograph can be derived from the time–area curve of a watershed by the S-curve method. The time–area diagram is a graph of cumulative drainage area contributing to discharge at the watershed outlet within a specified time of travel. Accurate determination of the time–area diagram is made possible by using a GIS. The GIS is used to describe the connectivity of the links in the watershed flow network and to calculate distances and travel times to the watershed outlet for various points within the watershed. Overland flow travel times are calculated by the kinematic wave equation for time to equilibrium; channel flow times are based on the Manning and continuity equations. To account for channel storage, travel times for channel reaches are increased by a percentage depending on the channel reach length and geometry. With GIS capability for rainfall mapping, the assumption of a uniform spatial rainfall distribution is no longer necessary; hence the term, spatially distributed unit hydrograph. An example of the application for the Waiparous Creek in the Alberta Foothills is given. IDRISI is used to develop a simple digital elevation model of the 229 km² watershed, using 1 km × 1 km grid cells. A grid of flow directions is developed and used to create an equivalent channel network. Excess rainfall for each 1 km × 1 km cell is individually computed by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) runoff curve method and routed through the equivalent channel network to obtain the time–area curve. The derived unit hydrograph gave excellent results in simulating an observed flood hydrograph. The distributed unit hydrograph is no longer a lumped model, since it accounts for internal distribution of rainfall and runoff. It is derived for a watershed without the need for observed rainfall and discharge data, because it is essentially a geomorphoclimatic approach. As such, it allows the derivation of watershed responses (hydrographs) to inputs of various magnitudes, thus eliminating the assumption of proportionality of input and output if needed. The superposition of outputs is retained in simulating flood hydrographs by convolution, since it has been shown that some non-linear systems satisfy the principle of superposition. The distributed unit hydrograph appears to be a very promising rainfall runoff model based on GIS technology.     

上海市城乡实体地域的划分

正确的城乡划分,并以此为依据统计城镇人口,是社会经济统计的重要组成部分,城乡划分方法的研究在理论和现实两方面都具有重要的意义。利用上海市2000年的航空遥感影像和人口普查地理信息系统,作了实验性的城乡实体地域划分。特别对上海市主城区、郊区青浦区、远郊金山区张堰镇三种类型的城镇实体地域,作了较详细的划分方法探讨,以此来分别模拟国内大城市、中小城市和小城镇的实体地域划分。 本文分步骤介绍了各类型城乡实体地域划分的基本过程,同时对每种类型实体地域的多种精度的结果进行比较研究,分别探讨大城市、中小城市和城镇三种类型的实体地域划分在近远期分别应达到的精度。精度合适、操作简便,是本次研究的重点,目的是为了将城镇实体地域划分工作在大范围内推广。     

流动单元划分新方案及其在临南油田的应用

把沉积学与储层物性相结合, 从流动单元体系的角度出发, 提出了流动单元划分的新方案.在流动单元体系内部划分出流动单元、亚流动单元和渗流区3个不同层次.在储层精细小层对比的基础上, 首先根据区域内连续分布的隔层把储层分成几个独立的流体压力系统, 即流动单元; 然后再根据不连续分布的隔层, 把一个流动单元进一步分成若干个亚流动单元; 最后根据储层物性的差别把流动单元/亚流动单元划分成不同的渗流区.按照这个思路, 选取临南油田的典型高产区块———以三角洲前缘亚相沉积为主的夏52块砂三中段三砂组, 进行了流动单元、亚流动单元和渗流区的划分, 共划分出7个流动单元、7个亚流动单元和63个渗流区, 这样划分出来的流动单元体系同时包括了油藏整体与局部细节的特征, 为油藏开发提供了详细的地质依据, 也在实际应用中取得了良好的效果.      

利用毛管压力曲线分形分维方法研究流动单元

利用取心井铸体薄片获得的图像资料和毛管压力曲线,通过图像分形几何学方法以分维数的形式定量地表征出了复杂的微观孔隙喉道结构特征,发现能够很好地划分和评价孔隙岩石中油、气、水的渗流差异,可以用于储层微观流动单元表征。文中阐述了岩石微观孔隙喉道结构分形的理论基础、计算方法和应用于表征流动单元的依据。建立了中国西部砾岩低渗透油藏微观孔隙喉道分维数与孔隙度、渗透率之间计算图版,据此在油藏中利用常规测井资料获得的孔隙度、渗透率参数计算微观孔隙喉道分维数,开展全油藏流动单元划分与评价,取得了良好的效果。研究结果表明,利用毛管压力曲线分形分维方法研究储层微观流动单元是一种很有效的途径。     

江汉平原古生界构造结构特征及油气勘探方向

江汉平原古生界具有北西—南东向分为三块、北东—南西向分为三带及纵向上多层楼的构造结构特征。三个区块为当阳—京山构造区、荆州—仙桃构造区及鄂城—大冶构造区,每个区块均可划分出三个次级构造带,并在全区形成三个构造变形分带。这三个分带在变形强度、构造样式等方面具有特征性差异:北东侧的构造分带受东秦岭—大别山造山运动产生的挤压应力的直接作用,显示以逆冲推覆结构为主要特征;南西侧的构造分带在三个构造区有差别,在当阳—京山构造区形成斜坡稳定带,在另两个构造区则以推覆叠瓦构造为特征;中部构造分带一般显示前缘断褶或复合叠加构造。当阳—京山构造区东部和鄂城—大冶构造区应以逆冲推覆体为勘探对象;荆州—仙桃构造区的仙桃地区应以上古生界油气藏为勘探目标;当阳—京山构造区西部宜昌稳定带和荆州—仙桃构造区的珂理—簰洲地区则应以下古生界油气藏为勘探目标。     

北部湾灯光罩网渔场时空分布与海洋环境关系分析 *

文章根据大型灯光罩网渔船调查数据和卫星遥感海面风场(Sea Surface Wind, SSW)、海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature, SST)和叶绿素a浓度(Chlorophyll a concentration, Chl a)资料, 基于广义线性模型(Generalized Linear Model, GLM)对北部湾渔业资源单位捕捞努力量渔获量(Catch Per Unit Effort, CPUE)进行标准化, 应用多元线性回归等方法, 对北部湾灯光罩网渔场的时空分布及其与海洋环境的关系进行了分析。结果表明, 北部湾灯光罩网渔场适宜SST为27~29℃, Chl a为0.5~1.5mg·m ^-3。较高资源量出现在10月份中上旬, 分布在18°—19°N及20°—21°N海域。北部湾灯光罩网渔场的时空分布与季风、19°N附近的暖水池和Chl a等环境因素有关。     

基于改进形态学运算的图像去噪自适应算法研究

形态学的腐蚀和膨胀两种基本运算固有特征,使其在去除图像噪声的同时,造成图像信息严重丢失.针对这种现象,首先把传统腐蚀膨胀的极值运算改进为中值运算;其次对结构元素进行改进和优化,定义单位结构元素,利用数学方法推导找到零方阵的单位结构元素;最后在这些研究工作的基础上提出一种新的自适应图像去噪算法.对比实验表明:新方法比传统形态学和中值滤波算法在低信噪比环境下具有明显优势,因此在图像去噪中具有广泛的应用前景.     

软刚臂单点系泊系统静力特性分析

软刚臂系泊系统是一种利用压载质量为浮式生产储油装置(FPSO)提供回复力的单点系泊方式。为快速准确地评估多铰接组成的软刚臂系统的受力状态,避免应用高复杂度的有限元软件,进而快速完成优化设计等任务,建立一种静力计算方法十分有必要。因此,针对由刚臂(YOKE)、柔性系泊腿和压载舱组成的刚柔多体系统,以分解组合的方式,提出一种二维静力计算方法,用以研究FPSO软刚臂系泊系统的静力特性。该方法主要依靠软刚臂的几何构型,在有限铰接约束下,形成非线性静力平衡方程,建立了压载舱式水上软刚臂单点系泊系统二维静力平衡计算算法。采用OrcaFlex、SESAM等软件开展了理论和数值对比分析,同时与系泊试验结果开展验证分析。对比结果表明,文中所提方法计算精度较高,可为软刚臂单点系泊系统的研究提供可靠支持。     

黄河口现代海洋沉积高分辨率地震地层学研究

本文运用地震地层学的知识,结合KDG2和S3钻孔资料,对2002年得到的现代黄河口地区的浅地层地震剖面进行了分析解释,共划分出中更新世以来11个地震地层单元,对每个地震地层单元进行了地震相的有关描述,对剖面上出现的地质现象给予了合理推测和详细分析,并结合相邻的钻孔资料,与全球冰期进行对比,构筑了黄河口地区晚第四纪以来地层的沉积模式。