Emplacement of the La Peña alkaline igneous complex,Mendoza, Argentina (33° S): Implications for the early Miocene tectonic regime in the retroarc of the Andes

The La Peña alkaline complex (LPC) of Miocene age (18–19 Ma) lies on the eastern front of the Precordillera (32°41ʹ34ʺS, 68°59ʹ48″W, 1400–2900 m a.s.l.), 30 km northwest of Mendoza city, Argentina. It is a subcircular massif of 19 km² and 5 km in diameter, intruded in the metasedimentary sequence of the Villavicencio Formation of Silurian-Devonian age. It is the result of integration of multiple pulses derived from one or more deep magma chambers, which form a suite of silicate rocks grouped into: a clinopyroxenite body, a central syenite facies with a large breccia zone at the contact with the clinopyroxenite, bodies of malignite, trachyte and syenite porphyry necks, and a system of radial and annular dikes of different compositions. Its subcircular geometry and dike system distribution are frequent features of intraplate plutons or plutons emplaced in post-orogenic settings. These morphostructural features characterize numerous alkaline complexes worldwide and denote the importance of magmatic pressures that cause doming with radial and annular fracturing, in a brittle country rock. However, in the LPC, the attitude of the internal fabric of plutonic and subvolcanic units and the preferential layout of dikes match the NW–SE extensional fractures widely distributed in the host rock. This feature indicates a strong tectonic control linked to the structure that facilitate space for emplacement, corresponding to the brittle shear zone parallel to the N–S stratigraphy of the country rock. Shearing produced a system of discontinuities, with a K fractal fracture pattern, given by the combination of Riedel (R), anti-Riedel (R′), (P) and extensional (T) fracture systems, responsible for the control of melt migration by the opening of various fracture branches, but particularly through the NW–SE (T) fractures. Five different pulses would have ascent, (1) an initial one from which cumulate clinopyroxenite was formed, (2) a phase of mafic composition represented by dikes cross-cutting the clinopyroxenite, (3) a malignite facies that causes a small breccia in the clinopyroxenite, (4) a central syenite facies that develops breccias at the contact with the clinopyroxenite and, finally, (5) porphyry necks and a system of radial dikes intruding all units. At the moment of the emplacement different mechanisms would have acted, they summarized in: 1) opening of discontinuities synchronous to the magma circulation as the principal mechanism for formation of dikes and conduits; 2) stoping processes, that play an important role in the development of the breccia zone and enabling an efficient transference of material during the emplacement of the syenitic magma and 3) shear-related deformation (regional stress), affected the internal fabric of the facies, causing intracrystalline deformation and submagmatic flow, which is very evident in the central syenite intrusive. The kinematic analysis of shear planes allows proposing that emplacement of the LPC took place in a transtensive regime, which would have occurred in the back-arc of the Andes orogen, during a long period spanning from Miocene to the present, of the compressive deformation responsible, westward and at the same latitude, for the development of the Aconcagua fold and thrust belt.     

旋转矩阵表达方法对相机检校的影响

在大倾角像片的相机检校中,经典共线方程是采用欧拉角（妒,纠,Ⅳ）描述旋转矩阵的,该方法受限于无法获取位置与姿态的初始值,结果可能导致迭代不收敛。共线方程中的旋转矩阵还可以直接利用方向余弦或单位四元数来描述,相机检校时可以无需依赖位置与姿态的初始值。在相同实验数据、初始值和收敛条件的实验中,直接利用方向余弦描述旋转矩阵的方法明显优于单位四元数方法,主要体现在收敛情况和计算结果接近欧拉角方法两个方面。建议在非量测相机检校时,最好选用直接利用方向余弦描述旋转矩阵的共线方程方法。     

地铁隧道结构变形监测控制网及其数据处理

由于地铁隧道结构变形监测控制网的特殊性,在变形数据处理过程中基准点稳定性判断是不容忽视的环节,通常稳定性判断是在室内数据处理时进行,为了优化变形数据处理过程,本文采用已有组合后验方差检验法进行基准点稳定性检验,并验证该方法的可靠性,在此基础上提出灵敏度的概念,即检验观测值出现多大变动时能被该方法检测出来,并测试出组合后验方差检验法的灵敏度。通过灵敏度的研究和应用可以现场进行稳定性分析,指导外业变形监测工作,提高观测结果利用率和数据处理效率。     

A steepness index unit volume flood hydrograph approach for sub‐daily flow disaggregation

The estimation of sub‐daily flows from daily flood flows is important for many hydrological and hydraulic applications. Flows during flood events often vary significantly within sub‐daily time‐scales, and failure to capture the sub‐daily flood characteristic can result in an underestimation of the instantaneous flood peaks, with possible risk of design failure. It is more common to find a longer record of daily flow series (observed or modelled using daily rainfall series) than sub‐daily flow data. This paper describes a novel approach, known as the steepness index unit volume flood hydrograph approach, for disaggregating daily flood flows into sub‐daily flows that takes advantage of the strong relationship between the standardized instantaneous flood peak and the standardized daily flood hydrograph rising‐limb steepness index. The strength of this relationship, which is considerably stronger than the relationship between the standardized flood peak and the event flood volume, is shown using data from six rivers flowing into the Gippsland Lakes in southeast Australia. The results indicate that the steepness index unit volume flood hydrograph approach can be used to disaggregate modelled daily flood flows satisfactorily, but its reliability is dependent on a model's ability to simulate the standardized daily flood hydrograph rising‐limb steepness index and the event flood volume. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

芝罘群岩石地层划分及区域对比

芝罘群分布于烟台市区北部芝罘岛、崆峒岛、担子岛等岛屿上,自下而上划分为老爷山组、兵营组及东口组.东口组为新建岩石地层单位.该群岩石组合为白云母钾长片麻岩、含电气石钾长石英岩、钾长石英岩、镜铁矿钾长石英岩、石英岩、白云母石英片岩夹黑云片岩、透辉变粒岩及大理岩等.其原岩为富钾、铁、硼的长英质碎屑岩夹粘土岩及富镁碳酸盐岩.兵营组单颗粒锆石U-Pb年龄为2171Ma,其成岩时代属古元古代早期.芝罘群区域上可与辽东地区古元古代榆树砬子群对比.     

板块构造图的制图理论与方法探讨

通过编制区域性1:300万“青藏高原板块构造图”和1:50万“柴达木北缘板块构造地质图”的体会,并结合国内学者对这两份图件的审查意见及建议,重点讨论有关区域性板块构造图编制的理论与方法,供区域地质工作者参考。     

河南省许昌市矿山地质环境问题分区评价研究

以斜坡单元作为评价单元, 通过建立区域地质环境背景、资源损毁和地质灾害3要素评价指标体系, 对各评价指标进行量化, 赋予权重, 利用GIS图层叠加分析, 对许昌市矿山地质环境进行分区评价. 分区结果与现状调查结果较为一致, 验证了此方法的实用性, 为规划与治理该地区矿山环境地质问题提供参考依据.     

基于单位四元数的单独像对相对定向

目前对单位四元数描述空间旋转的应用,基本上是将其转换成旋转矩阵的形式,而忽略了单位四元数描述空间向量旋转具有描述几何关系的直观性以及运算简洁的优势。基于此提出一种基于单位四元数的单独像对相对定向法,方法首先采用向量描述同名光线,然后利用单位四元数描述立体像对中左右影像同名光线的变换关系,建立单位四元数共面条件方程模型,再按照带有约束条件的间接平差原理进行最小二乘平差,确定相对定向元素。针对RC30航空影像和低空无人机影像采用单位四元数法分别进行单独像对相对定向实验,结果表明单位四元数相对定向方法计算精度较高,为解决摄影测量中坐标变换问题提供更多选择。     

基于地貌单元的小区域地质灾害易发性分区方法研究

以汶川县城周边区域为研究区,分别以栅格单元与地貌单元作为单位评价单元,以信息量法与逻辑回归法两种评价模型对研究区进行地质灾害易发性评价分区。根据对评价结果的比较分析,在小区域范围内,基于地貌单元的区域易发性分区不仅仅能够更好地体现出区域内局部综合特性,而且评价分区结果与地质灾害实际分布情况更加吻合,分级层次更加明显,数学模型的适用效率很好。由此可见,在小范围区域内,基于地貌单元的地质灾害易发性评价分区具有良好的适用性与可塑性,在大比例尺地质灾害易发性和危险性制图中是一个有益的尝试与启发。     

滇西北大地构造单元的划分与特征

从鉴别陆块(地块)、结合带边界断裂入手,将滇西北大地构造划分为10个二级单元。根据地质体属性及重要断裂,在二级单元内划分出25个三级大地构造单元。结合西藏、滇西南部地区资料,归并为3个一级大地构造单元。二级大地构造单元自西向东为:独龙江弧盆系、丙中洛地块、莫得结合带、崇山地块、澜沧江火山弧、兰坪地块、云岭陆缘弧、金沙江结合带、香格里拉地块、甘孜-理塘弧盆系。分界断裂自西向东为:高黎贡山断裂、棒当断裂、福贡断裂、碧罗雪山断裂、吉岔断裂、德钦-雪龙山断裂、羊拉-东竹林断裂、金沙江断裂、香格里拉断裂、三江口断裂。该划分方案较为全面地反映了滇西北区域地质调查和科学研究的新进展,对前人划分方案进行了有依据的修改调整,二级、三级大地构造单元的划分尺度统一,厘定了各级大地构造单元的边界断裂。