Mass Change Calculations as Applied to the Search for Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposits: An Example from Malusok, Siocon, Zamboanga del Norte, Mindanao, Philippines

Abstract. The Malusok volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits comprise two adjacent ore bodies, the Main Malusok and the Malusok Southeast ore bodies, hosted within Cretaceous metamorphic rocks. Owing to the structural and metamor-phic overprinting combined with intense hydrothermal alteration, primary textures of the Malusok volcanic rocks have been obliterated. The stratigraphic correlation of the Main Malusok and the Malusok Southeast ore bodies show that both deposits are essentially confined within a single stratigraphic interval. The lithogeochemical analysis of the Malusok samples shows that constituent lithologies have precursor compositions ranging from sub-alkaline basalts to rhyodacites. Field and mass flux data suggest that the Main Malusok VMS deposits were derived as a consequence of axial hydrothermal activity. The Malusok Southeast ore bodies represent satellite deposits generated by off-axis hydrothermal activities from vents aligned along a NW-SE trend with the Main Malusok zone. This alignment represents an ancient fissure that served as a pathway for the upwelling metalliferous hydrothermal fluids. In searching for lateral extensions of these VMS deposits, this NW-SE alignment should serve as a possible exploration guide.     

河南嵩县祁雨沟金矿Ⅳ号爆破角砾岩体金矿化富集规律

通过对嵩县祁雨沟金矿区Ⅳ号爆破角砾岩体金矿化地质特征的研究,依据金矿化与胶结物的种类和含量、角砾大小、金属硫化物矿脉的产状和规模的关系,将金矿化划分为黄铁矿-石英阶段（Ⅰ）、石英-多金属硫化物阶段（Ⅱ）、石英-方解石阶段（Ⅲ）,并提出金矿化与多金属硫化物脉,NE向、NW向断裂,节理关系密切的新观点,为在爆破角砾岩发育地区寻找金矿提供了思路.     

Dissolved Fe2+ and ∑H2S Behavior in Sediments Seasonally Overlain by Hypoxic-to-anoxic Waters as Determined by CSV Microelectrodes

Variability of dissolved Fe²⁺ and ∑H₂S concentrations in porewaters were studied, using cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) microelectrodes, in sediments overlain by hypoxic waters in the summer from the southeastern region of Corpus Christi Bay, Texas (CCB) and the Mississippi River Bight (MRB), Louisiana. These measurements were complimented by sediment microcosm studies where oxygen concentrations in the overlying water were manipulated. Sulfate reduction rates, benthic oxygen demand, total reduced sulfide, porewater sulfate, and total organic carbon were also determined. Fe²⁺ and ∑H₂S were the major dissolved redox-reactive dissolved species in these sediments. During hypoxic conditions, an upward migration of porewater Fe²⁺ and ∑H₂S occurred, with Fe²⁺ reaching much higher maximum concentrations than ∑H₂S. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences in both Fe²⁺ and ∑H₂S occurred between sediments at the CCB and MRB study sites. Although both sites were Fe-dominated, reactive and dissolved iron were higher while ∑H₂S was lower at the MRB site. However, there were no statistically significant (p > 0.05) difference in regard to ∑H₂S between microcosm and field monitoring studies. Results indicated that, for Fe²⁺ and ∑H₂S, relatively large and rapid changes occurred in both the concentrations and distributions of these important porewater constituents in response to relatively short-term changes in overlying water oxygen content. Model calculations indicated that conditions in the sediments can be responsible for the induction of hypoxic conditions in the formation of hypoxic overlying waters in <6 days at CCB and ~20 days at MRB.     

Isotopic constraints on fluid evolution and precipitation mechanisms for the Boléo Cu–Co–Zn district, Mexico

Stable and radiogenic isotope composition of stratiform Cu–Co–Zn mineralization and associated sedimentary rocks within the Boléo district of the Miocene Santa Rosalía basin, Baja California Sur, constrains the evolution of seawater and hydrothermal fluids and the mechanisms responsible for sulfide and oxide deposition. Stable isotope geochemistry of limestone and evaporite units indicates a strong paleogeographic influence on the chemistry of the water column. Near-shore limestone at the base of the Boléo Formation is characterized by modified marine carbon (δ ¹³C_PDB=−6.0 to +4.4‰) and oxygen (δ ¹⁸O_SMOW=+19.5 to +26.2‰) isotope composition due to the influx of ¹³C- and ¹⁸O-depleted fluvial water. Sulfate sulfur isotope composition (δ ³⁴S_CDT=+17.21 to +22.3‰ and δ ¹⁸O_SMOW=+10.7 to +13.1‰) for basal evaporite and claystone facies are similar to Miocene seawater. Strontium isotopes are less radiogenic than expected for Miocene seawater due to interaction with volcanic rocks. Low S/C ratios, high Mn contents and sedimentological evidence indicate the basin water column was oxidizing. The oxygenated basin restricted sulfide precipitation to within the sedimentary pile by replacement of early diagenetic framboidal pyrite and pore-space filling by Cu–Co–Zn sulfides to produce disseminated sulfides. Quartz–Mn oxide oxygen isotope geothermometry constrains mineralization temperature between 18 and 118°C. Sulfur isotopes indicate the following sources of sulfide: (1) bacterial sulfate reduction within the sedimentary pile produced negative δ ³⁴S values (<−20‰) in framboidal pyrite; and (2) bacterial sulfate reduction at high temperature (80–118°C) within the sedimentary pile during the infiltration of the metal-bearing brines produced Cu–Co–Zn sulfides with negative, but close to 0‰, δ ³⁴S values. Isotope modeling of fluid-rock reaction and fluid mixing indicates: (1) sedimentary and marine carbonates (δ ¹³C=−11.6 to −3.2‰ and δ ¹⁸O=+19.0 to +21.8‰) precipitated from basin seawater/pore water that variably mixed with isotopically depleted meteoric waters; and (2) hydrothermal calcite (δ ¹³C=−7.9 to +4.3‰ and δ ¹⁸O=+22.1 to +25.8‰) formed by dissolution and replacement of authigenic marine calcite by downward-infiltrating metalliferous brine and brine-sediment exchange, that prior to reaction with calcite, had mixed with isotopically depleted pore water. The downward infiltration of metalliferous brine is inferred from lateral and stratigraphic metal distributions and from the concentration of Cu sulfides along the upper contact of pyrite-bearing laminae. The co-existence and textural relationships among framboidal pyrite, base metal sulfides, carbonate and Mn–Fe oxides (including magnetite) within mineralized units are consistent with carbonate replacement and high-temperature bacterial reduction within the sedimentary pile occurring simultaneously below a seawater column under predominantly oxygenated conditions.     

北祁连山石居里一带塞浦路斯型铜矿床岩矿石物性特征

通过对石居里一带岩矿石物性测量,可知块状矿石视极化率最高,视电阻率最小,为明显低阻高极化显示。碳质板岩、网脉状矿石、含矿碧玉岩视极化率次之,视极化率6%~9%,视电阻率较高。其余硅质岩、碧玉岩、细碧岩、凝灰质砂岩为高阻低极化,视极化率一般在1%~3%。由物性参数看出,该区实施激电测量,寻找铜硫化物矿产的物性前提是具备的。碧玉岩磁化率为最高,变化值在1030×4π×10-6SI~17515×4π×10-6SI,平均值达4521×4π×10-6SI,次为细碧岩、凝灰质砂岩,磁化率平均为1000×4π×10-6SI,~2000×4π×10-6SI左右,其余碳质板岩、硅质岩、次生石英岩、不纯碧玉岩、矿石均为弱磁性,在几十至几百之间变化。由于矿体与碧玉岩紧密相关,且高纯度的碧玉岩更是比其他岩性见矿率高,故对于以碧玉岩为标志,以磁性寻找碧玉岩以达到间接找矿,物性前提是具备的。     

元江镍矿区硫化镍矿床找矿思路探讨

总结了墨江-元江红土镍矿床的地质特征，并根据该区已发现超基性岩体接触带中岩浆热液改造型硫化镍矿的事实，对今后在区内寻找硫化型镍矿床的可能性及其有利地段进行了探讨。     

Reduction of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emission from Swine Manure Using Aqueous Foams Amended with Microorganisms and Chemical Additives

Aqueous foam, in combination with microorganisms and chemical additives, was tested for the reduction of the emissions of odorous compounds from swine manure. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were selected as test compounds. Aqueous foam decreased the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions by about 33.2 and 66.2%, respectively, after application for 1,800 min. With the application of aqueous foam, amended with 1% of monocalcium phosphate or Yucca extracts, about 81.4 and 51.6%, respectively, of the ammonia emissions were suppressed over the same time period. However, the chemical additives were found to be ineffective in the suppression of hydrogen sulfide. Finally, the aqueous foam, containing microorganisms and the two chemical additives, attained about 88.3 and 70% ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions suppression, respectively. The data show that the aqueous foam was effective in the control ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions, and the suppression capacity can be markedly enhanced by the addition of appropriate microorganisms and chemical additives.     

Geochemistry of Sulfide Chimneys and Basement Pillow Lavas at the Southern Mariana Trough (12.55°N–12.58°N)

Three submarine hydrothermal sites (Snail, Y and Pika sites) in the southern Mariana area were investigated to clarify the geochemical difference between off-axis and on-axis submarine hydrothermal activities and volcanic rocks. The Snail and Y sites are located on the axis of the spreading ridge, and the Pika site is located on the off-axis region. Low-temperature venting of submarine hydrothermal fluids was observed at the Snail and Y sites. High-temperature black smoker activities were found at the Pika site. For further geochemical study, sulfide chimneys and mounds were collected from each site by manned submersible Shinkai 6500 . Basement short drill cores of volcanic rocks and sulfides were also obtained from the Snail and Pika sites using a multi-coring system. All drilled pillow lavas were tholeiitic andesite with a narrow range of chemical variation. Significant enrichments of Rb, Ba and Th were absent in both on-axis (Y and Snail sites) and off-axis (Pika site) samples, suggesting the least incorporation of subducting sediments to the magmatic system. Concentrations of Au and Ag in the sulfide chimney were within the range of massive sulfides at the mid-ocean ridge rather than typical arc-type massive sulfides. It is found that sulfur isotope compositions of sulfides were different between the on-axis and off-axis samples: on-axis samples had heavy δ³⁴S (+2.9–+8.7‰) and off-axis samples (–0.3 to +3.8‰) were similar to the local magmatic value. Such a regional difference probably results from changes of deep hydrothermal processes during the water–rock interaction rather than differences in tectonic settings.     

黄东海沉积物中的还原无机硫

Cold diffusion methods are used to separate and quantify the three reduced inorganic sulfur species into acid volatile sulfide(AVS), pyrite–S and element sulfur(ES) in the sediments of the Yellow and East China Seas. The results show that up to 25.02 μmol/g of AVS, 113.1 μmol/g of pyrite–S and 44.4 μmol/g of ES are observed in the sediments of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Pyrite–S is the predominant sulfide mineral in the sediments, while the concentration of AVS is quite low at most stations in the study area. The amounts and reactivity of organic matter are the primary limited factor for the sulfide formation, while an iron limitation and a sulfate limitation are not observed in the sediments of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. The irregular profiles of the three reduced inorganic sulfur species also reflected the comprehensive influence of sediment composition and sedimentation rates.     

沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物的分析方法研究

酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)是评价沉积物中重金属生物毒性的一个重要参数,但AVS易随氧化还原环境变化,所以对分析测试要求较高。以往AVS的测定方法较为费时费力,无法用于常规监测,或不适用于测定AVS含量偏低的沉积物样品。本研究在现有分析方法的基础上进行了改进,建立了一个扩散法和亚甲基蓝比色法联用的分析方法,使其适用于测定AVS含量偏低的海洋和湖泊沉积物样品。通过对回收率、空白、重复性的实验显示,该方法能够快速、准确的进行大批量样品的测试。应用该方法对渤海湾和莱州湾上百个沉积物样品的分析发现,AVS含量低于0.6μmol/g(DW)的样品量达到75%。因我国近岸海域有机碳含量偏低,AVS的含量也可能偏低,所以该方法对我国近岸海洋沉积物中AVS的分析测试有普适性。该分析方法的建立为我国应用AVS对沉积物中重金属生物毒性的研究提供了便利。