深海热液喷口金属硫化物中甲烷菌的多样性研究

对两个来自太平洋洋脊胡安·德富卡的两个热液烟囱的金属硫化物4136-2和4148-B1进行甲烷菌甲基辅酶 M 还原酶的编码基因 mcrA 的序列扩增,构建克隆文库并进行分子进化分析.结果表明在这个甲烷富集的热液喷口周围含有丰富的甲烷产生菌,没有任何甲烷氧化菌存在.两个硫化物样品的甲烷产生菌种类完全不同.在4136-2硫化物中的甲烷产生菌都与热液口的高温环境有关系,主要属于甲烷球菌目的甲烷暖球菌(Methanocaldococcus),少部分属于甲烷火菌目甲烷嗜高热菌属的坎氏甲烷嗜高热菌(Methanopyrus kandleri).与这两个属的可分离菌株的氨基酸同源性为89%~97%,核苷酸同源性高达92%~100%.4148-B1硫化物中发现的一类疑似甲基辅酶 M 还原酶的编码序列,它们与已知的甲烷菌 mcrA 序列核苷酸同源性为69%~72%,氨基酸同源性仅为43%~47%.这可能是由于4148-B1来自于正在喷发的超高温热液喷口相关.由于与已发表的甲烷菌克隆子或菌株同源性较低,有可能是热液口特有的以前未发现的甲烷菌     

Blast furnace slag can effectively remediate coastal marine sediments affected by organic enrichment

There is an urgent need to control nutrient release fluxes from organically-enriched sediments into overlying waters to alleviate the effects of eutrophication. This study aims to characterize blast furnace slag (BFS) and evaluate its remediation performance on organically-enriched sediments in terms of suppressing nutrient fluxes and reducing acid volatile sulfide. BFS was mainly composed of inorganic substances such as CaO, SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and MgO in amorphous crystal phase. Container experiments showed that the phosphate concentration in the overlying water, its releasing flux from sediment and AVS of the sediment decreased by 17-23%, 39% and 16% compared to the control without BFS, respectively. The loss on ignition was significantly decreased by 3.6-11% compared to the control. Thus, the application of BFS to organically-enriched sediment has a suppressive role on organic matter, AVS concentration and phosphate releasing flux from sediments and therefore, is a good candidate as an effective environmental remediation agent.     

The distribution of acid-volatile sulfide and simultaneously extracted metals in sediments from a mangrove forest and adjacent mudflat in Zhangjiang Estuary, China

The distribution of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) were studied in sediments collected from mangrove forest, forest fringe and adjacent mudflat in the Zhangjiang Estuary, China. The aim was to examine the spatial distribution of AVS and SEM in sediments of the Estuary and determine the influence of mangrove trees on AVS and SEM concentrations in the sediments. The results indicated that AVS concentrations in forest sediments were significantly lower than those in mudflat sediments. There was a significant positive correlation between AVS values and moisture contents in forest sediments, while LOI played an important role in AVS concentrations of mudflat sediments. In the forest sediment core, the peak value of AVS appeared deeper in the sediment profile compared to it appeared in the mudflat core. The distribution of SEM showed different trends from that of AVS, and potential toxicity existed in the upriver forest sediments.     

Effects of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Urechis unicinctus</Emphasis> juveniles on chemical characteristics of organically contaminated coastal sediment

Biological activities of marine benthos such as burrowing and feeding may change sediment characteristics. We conducted three experiments to examine the potential of using juveniles of a spoon worm Urechis unicinctus to improve the quality of organically contaminated coastal sediment. Sediment samples were collected from a site that was heavily contaminated with organic matter (Seonso) and two sites that were clean (Myo-do, Dolsan-do). Urechis juveniles, obtained by artificial fertilization and cultured in the laboratory, were introduced to the sediment (weight 3 kg, depth 10 cm) at a density of 500 individuals per aquarium (length 50 cm, width 35 cm, height 30 cm) (Experiment 1), or at densities ranging from 100 to 900 individuals per beaker (Experiment 2). To examine how sediment contamination can be modified by the effects of Urechis, 500 individuals (per aquarium) were exposed to the Seonso contaminated sediment that had been mixed with 0–100% clean sand (Experiment 3). Each experiment lasted two months and sediment samples were collected every 15 d to determine the several indexes of sediment quality, which included acid volatile sulfide (AVS), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total ignition loss (TIL). In Experiment 1, the existence of Urechis did not result in significant changes in quality indexes in the sediments collected from Myo-do, Dolsan-do. However, AVS, COD and TIL of the Seonso sediment all decreased significantly after co-incubation with Urechis juveniles for 30 to 45 d. Experiment 2 showed that a density of at least 300 juveniles per beaker was necessary to significantly reduce all three quality indexes, and the magnitude of reduction was positively correlated with juvenile density. Experiment 3 revealed that Urechis juveniles were effective in reducing the AVS, COD and TIL of the Seonso sediment that had been mixed with 60%, 80%, and 80% of clean sand, respectively. The results of the present study therefore indicated that juveniles of this spoon worm have the potential to be used to improve the quality of organically contaminated sediment in coastal waters.     

中国西部典型铜镍矿床亲铜元素特征对比

通过对喀拉通克、黄山东、金川和白马寨4个铜镍矿床亲铜元素特征进行比较,结果发现所有矿床具有相似的左倾原始地幔标准化配分模式和铂族元素明显亏损的共同特点;其亲铜元素质量分数却明显不同,铂族元素质量分数最高的金川铜镍矿床以Ni为主,喀拉通克矿床则表现为Cu占优势;矿床的初始岩浆为铂族元素不亏损的玄武质岩浆,应是地幔岩石较高程度部分熔融的产物;少量硫化物预先熔离是造成中国铜镍矿床成矿母岩浆亏损铂族元素和w(Cu)/w(Pd)远大于原始地幔(w(Cu)/w(Pd))的控制因素;不同程度(量)的硫化物熔离导致母岩浆中亲铜元素质量分数不同,R值低不是主要原因;早期发生硫饱和可能是铜镍矿床成矿的必要条件,成矿的关键可能在于新鲜岩浆的不断补给;少量硫化物预先熔离结合不含矿岩石亏损铂族元素,暗示这些矿区深部具有找矿潜力。     

Elemental and isotopic compositions of the hydrothermal sulfide on the East Pacific Rise near 13°N

The mineralogical,elemental,and isotopic characteristics of a hydrothermal sulfide sample from one dredge station (12°42.30'N,103°54.48'W,water depth 2655 m) on the East Pacific Rise near 13°N were analyzed.The hydrothermal sulfide was composed mainly of sphalerite,chalcopyrite,and pyrite and was a Zn-rich sulfide;in layer ep-s-1,goethite formed by secondary oxidation was found.The concentrations of rare elements,such as Li (0.15×10-6-0.30×10-6),Be (0.01×10-6-0.05×10-6),Zr (73.8×10-9-1344×10-9),Nb (8.14×10-9-64.7×10-9),Hf (2.54×10-9-28.0×10-9),and Ta (0.203×10-9-1.21×10-9),were far lower in the hydrothermal sulfide than in the ocean crust,whereas the content of Au was higher and the contents of Co,Ni,Sr,Cs,Ba,Bi,and U were low.The correlations between Zn and Cr,Cd and Ga,Cu and P,P and In (R2 0.8) were positive,whereas those between Zn and Fe,Cu,and Ba (R2 0.8) were distinctly negative.From low-temperature mineral assemblages to high-temperature mineral assemblages,the spatial distributions of dispersive and rare elements (e.g.In,Li,Cs) in the hydrothermal sulfide displayed corresponding variations.The variations observed in some elements (e.g.,Cd,Cs,P) are controlled by Zn,Fe,and Cu sulfides,respectively.Seafloor weathering accounts for the enrichment of V,Mn,and rare earth elements (REE) in the henna sulfide-oxidation layer that bears the secondary oxide mineral,leading to identical REE patterns for this layer (ep-s-1) and seawater.Seafloor weathering also distinctly affects the correlations between the element ratios of the hydrothermal sulfide.From high-temperature mineral assemblages to low-temperature mineral assemblages,Fe content and δ 34S value of the hydrothermal sulfide increase gradually,and Zn content and lead isotopic ratios decrease gradually on the contrary,which indicate the influences of seawater on elements and the sulfur and lead isotopic compositions enhance gradually during the formation of hydrothermal sulfides.     

Interfacial tension studies between Fe-Cu-Ni sulfide and halo-norilsk basalt slag system

There are a lot of mafic and ultra-mafic bodies in the earth,but only a few of them include Cu-Ni-PGE deposits.Of interest has been the formation of such deposits as Cu-Ni-PGE sulfide;especially the separa-tion of sulfide liquid from silicate melts.A lot of re-searcher[1—11]have investigated into the tectonic back-ground of Cu-Ni-PGE deposits,the mechanism of the origin and evolution of magma,and the metal element partition coefficient in sulfide liquid and silicate magma.However,the da…     

Growth history of hydrothermal chimneys at EPR 9-10°N: A structural and mineralogical study

Based on structural and mineralogical characteristics of four hydrothermal chimney samples collected by submersible Alvin, growth history and formation environment of hydrothermal chimney at EPR 9-10°N are established. It is shown that there occur two types of hydrothermal chimney with different deposition environments at EPR 9-10°N according to differences in their shape, structure and mineral assemblage: type I chimney forms in an environment with high temperature, low pH and strong reducing hydrothermal focus flow and type II chimney forms in a relatively low temperature, high pH and rich Zn hydrothermal environment. Growth of type I chimney begins with the formation of anhydrite. Subsequently deposition of Cu-Fe-Zn sulphide in various directions of chimneys decides the final structure of this type of chimney. According to observation and analysis of mineral assemblages, the formation process of type I chimney could be divided into three stages from early, middle to late. Changes of temperature and major chemical reaction type in the process of hydrothermal chimney formation are also deduced. Different from type I chimney, quenching crystalline of pyrite and/or crystalline of sphalerite provide the growth foundation of type II chimney in the early stage of chimney forma-tion.     

The development of volcanic hosted massive sulfide and barite–gold orebodies on Wetar Island, Indonesia

Wetar Island is composed of Neogene volcanic rocks and minor oceanic sediments and forms part of the Inner Banda Arc. The island preserves precious metal-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide and barite deposits, which produced approximately 17 metric tonnes of gold. The polymetallic massive sulfides are dominantly pyrite (locally arsenian), with minor chalcopyrite which are cut by late fractures infilled with covellite, chalcocite, tennantite–tetrahedrite, enargite, bornite and Fe-poor sphalerite. Barite orebodies are developed on the flanks and locally overly the massive sulfides. These orebodies comprise friable barite and minor sulfides, cemented by a series of complex arsenates, oxides, hydroxides and sulfate, with gold present as <10 m free grains. Linear and pipe-like structures comprising barite and iron-oxides beneath the barite deposits are interpreted as feeder structures to the barite mineralization. Hydrothermal alteration around the orebodies is zoned and dominated by illite–kaolinite–smectite assemblages; however, local alunite and pyrophyllite are indicative of late acidic, oxidizing hydrothermal fluids proximal to mineralization. Altered footwall volcanic rocks give an illite K–Ar age of 4.7±0.16 Ma and a ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age of 4.93±0.21 Ma. Fluid inclusion data suggest that hydrothermal fluid temperatures were around 250–270°C, showed no evidence of boiling, with a mean salinity of 3.2 wt% equivalent NaCl. The ³⁴S composition of sulfides ranges between +3.3 and +11.7 and suggests a significant contribution of sulfur from the underlying volcanic edifice. The ³⁴S barite data vary between +22.4 and +31.0, close to Miocene seawater sulfate. Whole rock ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr analyses of unaltered volcanic rocks (0.70748–0.71106) reflect contributions from subducted continental material in their source region. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr barite data (0.7076–0.7088) indicate a dominant Miocene seawater component to the hydrothermal system. The mineral deposits formed on the flanks of a volcanic edifice at depths of ~2 km. Spectacular sulfide mounds showing talus textures are localized onto faults, which provided the main pathways for high-temperature hydrothermal fluids and the development of associated stockworks. The orebodies were covered and preserved by post-mineralization chert, gypsum, Globigerina-bearing limestone, lahars, subaqueous debris flows and pyroclastics rocks.     

煎茶岭硫化镍矿床成岩成矿作用的同位素地球化学证据

笔者通过Re-Os同位素地球化学研究，在前人工作的基础上系统运用煎茶岭硫化镍矿床岩石及矿石的同位素资料对其成岩成矿作用进行了深入分析，认为煎茶岭超基性岩体自变质热液和蚀变流体主要来源于由岩浆水和地表水组成的混合水；其成岩物质来源于比较亏损的上地幔，但形成过程中有地壳硫的明显混染，岩浆同化混染富含硫、铁的围岩发生硫化作用，导致局部硫饱和发生硫化萃取作用而成矿，这是其成矿的重要机制。煎茶岭硫化镍矿床成矿过程中有含高放射性成因锇的壳源物质混染。多数矿石的锇同位素组成较接近富硫沉积物范围，反映地壳富硫围岩混染的效应；仅有一件矿石样品与地幔包体、球粒陨石地幔或科马提岩接近，暗示其深部地幔源区的性质。新元古代为煎茶岭镍矿床的主成矿期，形成大多数岩浆型矿石，但并不排除有一少部分矿石为后期热液作用形成。