THE SUBURBAN ENERGY BALANCE IN MIAMI, FLORIDA

Summertime measurements of local scale energy balance of a suburban site in west Miami, Florida, in 1995 are presented. All of the radiation and turbulent heat fluxes were measured directly. In addition several derived surface characteristics are calculated including the albedo, radiation temperature, emissivity, aerodynamic and canopy resistances, Bowen's ratio, Priestley‐Taylor and McNaughton‐Jarvis coefficients. The results are used to test parameterizations to calculate several heat fluxes. Most radiation fluxes can be calculated with simple schemes in cloudless conditions but the spatial and temporal variability of cloud degrades results greatly. This highlights the value of observing incoming solar radiation since it can form an excellent surrogate for daytime net all‐wave radiation in all sky conditions. The heat flux results for this warm, wet subtropical site demonstrate similarities with those from similarly developed locations in temperate climates. Interestingly this finding includes the fraction of energy used in evaporation. It is thought that this may be related to the relatively large heat storage in Miami which may reflect the presence of wet soils and free‐standing water, the persistently low vapor pressure deficits (7‐14 hPa) typical of this humid climate and the relatively poor coupling between the surface and the whole planetary boundary layer due to relatively low surface roughness.     

东亚-北太平洋偶极型气压场及其与东亚季风年际变化的关系

利用美国NCEP/NCAR的月平均再分析资料,研究东亚-太平洋地区地面气压的耦合模态与东亚副热带季风异常的关系,结果表明:在亚洲大陆和北半球太平洋之间气压场的偶极子模态主要反映了东亚地区东西向气压梯度的异常.从20世纪60年代到70年代中期,东亚-太平洋的这种偶极子表现为蒙古地区气压偏低和太平洋地区气压偏高的特征,而从20世纪70年代后期到90年代,则表现为蒙古地区气压偏高和太平洋地区气压偏低的特征.在偶极子指数值较高的年份,冬季(或夏季)蒙古高压(或蒙古低压)和太平洋阿留申低压(或太平洋副热带高压)较强     

CO_2 flux evaluation over the evergreen coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest in Dinghushan, China

The Dinghushan flux observation site, as one of the four forest sites of ChinaFLUX, aims to acquire long-term measurements of CO2 flux over a typical southern subtropical evergreen coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest ecosystem using the open path eddy covariance method. Based on two years of data from 2003 to 2004, the characteristics of temporal variation in CO2 flux and its response to environmental factors in the forest ecosystem are analyzed. Provided two-dimensional coordinate rotation, WPL correction and quality control, poor energy-balance and underestimation of ecosystem respiration during nighttime implied that there could be a CO2 leak during the nighttime at the site. Using daytime (PAR > 1.0μmol-1·m-2·s-1) flux data during windy conditions (u* > 0.2 m·s-1), monthly ecosystem respiration (Reco) was derived through the Michaelis-Menten equation modeling the relationship between net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Exponential function was employed to describe the relationship between Reco and soil temperature at 5 cm depth (Ts05), then Reco of both daytime and nighttime was calculated respectively by the function. The major results are: (i) Derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation, the apparent quantum yield (α) was 0.0027±0.0011 mgCO2·μmol-1 photons, and the maximum photosynthetic assimilation rate (Amax) was 1.102±0.288 mgCO2·m-2·s-1. Indistinctive seasonal variation of o or Amax was consistent with weak seasonal dynamics of leaf area index (LAI) in such a lower subtropical evergreen mixed forest. (ii) Monthly accumulated Reco was estimated as 95.3±21.1 gC·m-2 mon-1, accounting for about 68% of the gross primary product (GPP). Monthly accumulated NEE was estimated as -43.2±29.6 gC·m-2·mon-1. The forest ecosystem acted as carbon sink all year round without any seasonal carbon efflux period. Annual NEE of 2003 and 2004 was estimated as -563.0 and -441.2 gC·m-2·a-1 respectively, accounting for about 32% of GPP.     

Relationship Between the Eastern Tibetan Plateau Rainfall and Subtropical High Shift in Summer

Based on the routine rainfall data on the Tibetan Plateau and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data,the rela- tionship between the eastern Tibetan Plateau rainfall and the southward/northward shift of West Pacific subtropical high in summer of 1993/1994 is studied.The results show that:the West Pacific subtropi- cal high is abnormally located to more southern latitude and the high ridge is mainly the quasi-biweekly southward/northward oscillation in its processes of northward shift from May to August in 1993;but it is ab- normally located to more northern latitude and the high ridge is obviously 30-60-day southward/northward oscillation in its processes of northward shift from May to August in 1994.At the same time,it is found that the changes of the eastern Tibetan Plateau rainfall active/break have the similar characteristics of the high ridge southward/northward oscillation.Therefore,the southward/northward shift of the West Pacific subtropical high in summer may be related to the changes of eastern Tibetan Plateau rainfall active/break.     

西安地区大气质量分布特点和能源使用概述

西太平洋副热带高压是副热带大型环流系统，也是直接影响我国夏季降水的环流系统，它的状况(强弱和位置变化)将直接影响我国夏季的降水分布，亦对山西省夏季降水有重要影响。研究副热带高压，特别是西太平洋副热带高压的变化规律及其对山西省夏季降水的影响是十分必要的。     

ABRUPT CHANGES OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS INTERANNUAL VARIATION DURING LATE SPRING AND EARLY SUMMER

1INTRODUCTIONThesubtropicalhighpressureisthemostimportantcirculationsysteminlowlatitudes.ItisthereforeoneofthehighlyconcernedsubjectsformeteorologistsbothathomeandabroadtoaddresstheissueofthewesternPacificsubtropicalhigh(tobesimplifiedasWPSH),especiallyforsummer.Thestudyisroughlydividedintothreeaspects[1]:ThefirstonedealswiththepatternwithwhichtheWPSHvaries,whichstudiestheshape,structure,natureandtemporal/spatialchangesetc.;thesecondonediscussesawidescopeoffactorsgoverningtheactivityof…     

东亚夏季一个与鄂霍次克海阻高建立及副高北上相关的遥相关类型

研究了鄂霍次克海阻高及西太平洋副热带高压的关系，解释了当鄂霍次克海阻高活跃时副热带高压北上缓慢的原因。具体如下(1)通过对鄂霍次克海阻高指数和500hPa高度的相关分析发现，夏季东亚附近容易出现一个类似偶板子的遥相关类型；(2)这个遥相关类型与鄂霍次克海阻高发展时产生的从鄂霍次克海经日本东部海面到副热带方面传播的波列紧密相关；(3)伴随鄂霍次克海高压的发展，此波列的传播形成一个以日本东部海面为中心的气旋式环流，起着削弱副高北缘的重要作用。这个作用可以部分解释为什么1998年夏季副高会非常偏南。     

关中平原420-350 ka BP的古土壤与环境

通过对关中平原双竹村剖面、寇家坡剖面以及蓝田田家坡剖面、三官庙剖面、长安四府村剖面和宝鸡马家塬剖面黄土沉积中第4层古土壤的分析，发现西安、长安、蓝田和宝鸡中更新世中期发育的第4层古土壤已转变成为风化壳，厚度变化在3．5～3．7m之间。它由4层组成，最上部的第1层是发育好的红棕色粘化层(Bts)，第2层是具有铁质胶膜的风化淋滤黄土层(Cs)，第3层是不含铁质胶膜的风化淋滤黄土层(Cl)，第4层是CaCO3结核层(Ck)。对风化剖面中CaCO3含量、pH值、黏土含量，元素Sr、Fe2O3和Al2O3分析，表明该风化剖面受到了较强烈的风化淋溶和黏土化作用，并指示当时的风化淋滤深度明显超出了土壤粘化层的厚度。粘化层中黏土胶膜具亚热带土壤胶膜特征，具超微晶粒结构，由新生的蒙脱石、高岭石和伊利石微晶粒构成，明显定向排列，这是其具有光性的原因。风化壳型古土壤的发育表明，在距今42．35万年前后，黄土高原东南部盛行亚热带气候。这一古土壤剖面构型为Bts-Cs-Cl-Ck-C，它发育时的年平均温度和降水量分别约为16℃和1000mm，比现代关中平原高约30℃和400mm。     

MTCLIM模型系列研究报告(2):湿度估算方法在中国亚热带山地的有效性验证

本文在前期研究基础上,在南方亚热带山地对MTCLIM模型的温度估算方法进行了验证和订正。研究结果表明:经过露点订正后该研究区域内逐日水汽压的估算结果普遍改善,但在不同站点不同年份间的表现不同。对各站点共5097个观测数据计算后发现,用最低温估计的水汽压和用露点方程订正后的露点估计的水汽压与实测值之间的MAE分别为0.221kPa和0.207kPa,两种方法的模拟结果均与实测值非常接近,但后者偏差更小。与最低温度法估计的结果相比,露点订正方法能较好地模拟干旱天气条件下水汽压的变化状况。