硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射效应对东亚副热带季风进程的影响

本文利用全球气候—大气化学模式CAM5 并结合NCEP/NCAR（National Centers for EnvironmentalPrediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research）1950～2009 年再分析资料,讨论硫酸盐气溶胶直接辐射效应对东亚副热带季风爆发、发展和结束进程的影响。模拟结果表明:硫酸盐气溶胶通过直接辐射效应引起东亚大陆大部分地区近地面降温,进而降低了中纬度东亚大陆与西太平洋之间的纬向热力对比,延迟春初、提早夏末海陆纬向热力差异逆转时间,由此引发东亚副热带季风爆发时间延后了4 候左右,结束时间提前了3 候左右;减小的海陆热力差异导致东亚大陆偏南风减弱、东亚季风减弱以及季风降水的区域调整。我们通过NCEP/NCAR 再分析资料分析亦发现,1980 年以后中纬度东亚大陆与西太平洋之间的纬向热力差异逆转时间比1980 年以前在春初延迟、夏末提前,导致了副热带季风爆发时间比1980 年之前延后,结束时间提前,东亚大陆偏南风减弱,副热带夏季风系统性减弱,硫酸盐直接辐射效应可能是造成这一结果的原因之一。以往的观测和模拟都表明,由于人为活动的增加,导致1980 年后东亚大陆硫酸盐气溶胶负荷较之前大幅增加,而东亚夏季风减弱,本文的研究进一步确认了两者间关系。     

Effects on catchment water balance from the management of Pinus plantations on the coastal lowlands of south‐east Queensland,Australia

A paired catchment study was conducted over a 10‐year period on the hydrology of an exotic Pinus plantation in the coastal lowlands of south‐east Queensland, Australia. Each catchment was instrumented with a stream monitoring station, tipping bucket rain gauge, and a network of piezometers to monitor the shallow perched water table. After a 6‐year calibration period a harvest treatment was imposed on one catchment (Review): clearfelling approximately 90% of the catchment area, which contained a mature (44‐year‐old) Pinus elliottii plantation. This subsequently was re‐established with a second rotation plantation of a hybrid of P.elliottii × P.caribaea var. hondurensis. The control catchment (Crayfish) contained a P. elliottii plantation similar to that clearfelled at Review. The post‐harvest period was monitored for a further 4 years. Evapotranspiration was found to be the major output flux, with stream flow only a minor component of the study catchments' water budget. Areas with gleyed podzolic soils were found to remain waterlogged for periods up to 7 months following the seasonally high summer rainfall period, with other soils having water logging periods of only a few months. Little change was observed in waterlogging characteristics following harvesting, in contrast to stream flow which increased for 3 years but with evidence of a decline after 5 years. The perched‐watertable piezometric surface indicated that its lateral drainage differs from that of surface flows; the perched‐watertable drainage fluxes from the study catchments seem minor and off‐site movement of solutes (e.g. nutrients and contaminants) via them would be limited. It was identified that the interaction between the perched and deep aquifers was poorly understood, as well as the relative importance of the soil moisture storage of the aquitard clay layer between them. It was concluded that there is a need to undertake more detailed analysis using modelling, and to obtain additional field data on soil‐layer properties and piezometric levels of the deep aquifer. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冬季北太平洋副高面积和强度指数的一个计算方案

月（季）平均海平面气压场中的北太平洋副高（H,）是北半球的永久性大气活动中心,它与大气环流及区域气候异常关系密切。利用闭合气压系统面积指数S、强度指数P简要描述H,性状,并用它们分析H,气候及异常特征,以及H,与热带东太平洋海表温度异常等关系。因冬季H,明显减弱,在计算H,的S、P指数序列时,难以找出适于整个分析时段的、环流意义明晰的特征等压线。针对该问题,本文给出一个计算方案,先选择一个值较高的f0,用它计算多数年份环流指数5、P;再选择一个值较低的．东,计算少数H_P极端偏弱年份的环流指数S、P;最后用一元线性回归方程,将．矗计算结果S、P订正至f0计算结果S、P,得到S、P的完整序列。应用结果表明,由此求得的H,该完整序列是适当的。     

亚热带森林非甲烷碳氢化合物的研究——Ⅰ.季节变化(钢瓶采样)

对中国亚热带森林地区的非甲烷碳氢化合物（ＮＭＨＣ）进行了一年多的钢瓶采样，并利用气相色谱仪对空气样品进行了分析，得到了大量ＮＭＨＣ的实测资料以及它们的季节变化规律和相互之间的关系。研究表明，ＮＭＨＣ的主要来源是当地植物的排放。对异戊二烯及其影响因子进行了详细研究。     

Temporal Trends in Apparent Oxygen Utilization in the Upper Pycnocline of the North Pacific: 1980–2000

We present a compilation of apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) changes observed in the upper pycnocline of the North Pacific Ocean over the last several decades. The goal here is to place previously-published data in a common format, and assess the causes of the observed changes. The general trend along repeat cross sections of the eastern and western subtropical ocean and the subarctic ocean is an increase in AOU from the mid 1980s to the mid 1990s. AOU has also been increasing in a time-series study in the northwest subarctic Ocean off of Japan since the late 1960s. Observed AOU changes south of 35°N in the subtropical ocean are 10–20 μmol kg⁻¹, with much greater changes, reaching 60–80 μmol kg⁻¹ in isolated areas, in the subtropical/subarctic boundary and the subarctic ocean. Analysis of changes in both AOU and salinity on isopycnals suggests that there are significant salinity-normalized increases that must be due to alteration in the rate of ventilation or organic matter degradation. A common feature in the data is that the maximum increase in AOU is centered near the density horizon σ_θ= 26.6. Time series results from the Oyashio Current region near the winter outcrop area of this density horizon indicate that surface waters there have become fresher with time, which may mean this density surface has ceased to outcrop in the latter decades of the 20th century. Whether this is due to natural decadal-scale changes or anthropogenic influences can be decided by determining future trends in AOU on these density surfaces. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

梅雨、副热带高压活动与近点月位相的关系

本文研究了梅雨、副高与近点月位相之间的关系，证明梅雨和副高均与近点月位相之间存在着非同步关系的周期性泊松联系。梅雨与近点月位相之间的关系是副高与近点月位相关系的反映。然而，副高与近点月发生联系是有条件的，当副高南退时，两者不存在关系，反之，北挺时两者存在着周期性泊松联系，并且不同北挺幅度所对应的周期性泊松联系的形式也不同。     

2000年以来江淮梅雨带北移的可能成因分析

2000年以来长江中下游地区梅雨量偏少年出现的频率大大增加,梅雨量进入一个相对偏少的时期.观测资料分析表明,2000-2005年江淮梅雨带的位置较1971-1999年向北移动了2个纬距,淮河流域降水增加了20%.采用1971-2005年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,从高层风场、中层位势高度场、低层相对涡度、垂直速度、整层视热源Q1和视水汽汇Q2等角度分析了近6年大气环流的异常,进一步研究得到:西太平洋副热带高压脊位置的北移、东亚夏季风的加强以及冷空气的减弱,可能是导致2000-2005年梅雨带位置北移的原因.     

Subtropical air-sea interaction and development of central Pacific El Niño

The standard deviation of the central Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) during the period from October to February shows that the central Pacific SSTA variation is primarily due to the occurrence of the Central Pacific El Nio (CP-El Nio) and has a connection with the subtropical air-sea interaction in the northeastern Pacific. After removing the influence of the Eastern Pacific El Nio, an S-EOF analysis is conducted and the leading mode shows a clear seasonal SSTA evolving from the subtropical northeastern Pacific to the tropical central Pacific with a quasi-biennial period. The initial subtropical SSTA is generated by the wind speed decrease and surface heat flux increase due to a north Pacific anomalous cyclone. Such subtropical SSTA can further influence the establishment of the SSTA in the tropical central Pacific via the wind-evaporation-SST (WES) feedback. After established, the central equatorial Pacific SSTA can be strengthened by the zonal advective feedback and thermocline feedback, and develop into CP-El Nio. However, as the thermocline feedback increases the SSTA cooling after the mature phase, the heat flux loss and the re-versed zonal advective feedback can cause the phase transition of CP-El Nio. Along with the wind stress variability, the recharge (discharge) process occurs in the central (eastern) equatorial Pacific and such a process causes the phase consistency between the thermocline depth and SST anomalies, which presents a contrast to the original recharge/discharge theory.     

东亚副热带西风急流的时间演变特征及其与中国东部夏季降水的关系

为深入了解东亚副热带西风急流与中国天气系统之间的联系,利用1961-2007年美国国家环境预报中心（NCAR／NCEP）再分析月资料和同期中国596站的降水资料,运用经一纬向急流轴和区域平均两种定义方法分析了西风急流的时间演变特征及其与中国东部降水型的关系,结果表明：（1）两种方法对西风急流东西、南北位置转折时段的分析很接近,分别出现在20世纪80年代和70年代;对西风急流强度、南北位置周期的表征也很一致,分别为10-15年和5-10年。（2）当西风急流位置偏北（南）时,东部地区整层大气环流呈“南北上升中间下沉（南北下沉中间上升）”的形势,850hPa的流场和水汽通量输送都有利于华北地区（江淮河流）的降水,易于形成“南北多中间少（南北少中间多）”的雨带分布,推测这两种反相位雨型的间隔时间为2．5-5年;相比之下,急流东西位置和强度的周期性变化与东部局地降水存在一定联系。     

嘉兴夏季降水与副高的年际年代际变化关系分析

为了定量描述副高变化及其与嘉兴夏季降水的关系,在500 hPa高度场上选择一个特定的关键区定义了一个副高指数,分析发现该指数既存在大于45年周期、准9~16年的年代际变化周期,也存在4年和准2年的年际变化,与降水间存在很好的相关关系,可以作为预测降水的一个重要因子。嘉兴夏季降水与西北太平洋副热带高压在1980年前后发生了一次同期的年代际尺度跃变。1980年以前,副高强度明显偏弱,主体偏东,嘉兴夏季降水偏少;而1980年以后则反之。