Internal recycling of particle reactive organic chemicals in the Chesapeake Bay water column

Hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) may be used as tracers of particle dynamics in aquatic systems. Internal cycling of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied in the mesohaline Chesapeake Bay to assess the role of resuspension in maintaining particle and contaminant inventories in the water column, and to compare settling and suspended particle characteristics. Direct measurements of sediment resuspension and settling conducted in conjunction with one of the sediment trap deployments indicate reasonable agreement between measurements of particle flux using the two different methods. Organic carbon and PCB concentrations in settling solids collected in near-surface sediment traps were remarkably lower than concentrations in suspended particles collected by filtration during the trap deployments, but higher PAH concentrations were found in the settling particles. The different behaviors of PAHs and PCBs in the settling particles are due to their different source types and association to different types of particles. Sediment trap collections in near bottom waters were dominated by resuspension. Resuspension fluxes of HOCs measured 2 m above the bay bottom were as high as 2.5 μg/m² day for total PCBs and 15 μg/m² day for fluoranthene, and were 25 and 10 times higher than their settling fluxes from surface waters, respectively. HOC concentrations in the near bottom traps varied much less between trap deployments than HOC concentrations in the surface traps, indicating that the chemical composition of the resuspended particles collected in the near bottom traps was more time-averaged by repeated resuspension than the surface particles.     

Depth of volcanic basalt degassing forecasted from CO2 fluid inclusions

Fluid inclusions have recorded the history of degassing in basalt. Some fluid inclusions in olivine and pyroxene phenocrysts of basalt were analyzed by micro-thermometry and Raman spectroscopy in this paper. The experimental results showed that many inclusions are present almost in a pure CO2 system. The densities of some CO2 inclusions were computed in terms of Raman spectroscopic characteristics of CO2 Fermi resonance at room temperature. Their densities change over a wide range, but mainly between 0.044 g/cm3 and 0.289 g/cm3. Their micro-thermometric measurements showed that the CO2 inclusions examined reached homogenization between 1145.5℃ and 1265℃ . The mean value of homogenization temperatures of CO2 inclusions in basalts is near 1210℃. The trap pressures (depths) of inclusions were computed with the equation of state and computer program. Distribution of the trap depths makes it know that the degassing of magma can happen over a wide pressure (depth) range, but mainly at the depth of 0.48 km to 3.85 km. This implicates that basalt magma experienced intensive degassing and the CO2 gas reservoir from the basalt magma also may be formed in this range of depths. The results of this study showed that the depth of basalt magma degassing can be forecasted from CO2 fluid inclusions, and it is meaningful for understanding the process of magma degassing and constraining the inorganogenic CO2 gas reservoir.     

南极普里兹湾北部深海沉降颗粒物通量的季节性变化

利用1998～2000年中国南极科学考察期间(第15和16航次)在南极普里兹湾北部海域所获得的沉积物捕获器样品的资料,对南极普里兹湾北部海域颗粒物的有机地球化学特征进行了调查,并重点开展了该海域颗粒物通量及其季节性变化特征的研究。研究结果表明,在1000m深度,颗粒物通量呈现明显的季节性变化,最高通量出现在南极夏季的1月份,最低通量出现在4～7月份;通量的变化范围为13.00～334.59mgd-1m-2。捕获器中颗粒物的主要成分为生源物质(生物硅、有机质和碳酸钙),占总通量的50.62%～92.06%,而生源组分中又以生物硅为主要成分,其值介于9.30～136.33mgd-1m-2之间,占总通量的40.74%～74.21%。有机质和碳酸钙的通量远小于生物硅,分别平均占总通量的9.06%±4.26%和4.42%±2.14%。颗粒物中各组分通量的变化趋势与总通量明显相似,均呈现明显的季节性变化,这主要归因于研究海域海冰的形成与消退。在垂向变化上,1月份1000m深度颗粒物通量高于2000m深度,这表明该海域颗粒物的转化主要发生在上层水体。     

江汉油田储层地震反演结果解释中的几个关键问题

以江汉盆地蚌湖地区隐蔽油气藏的预测为例，说明了在反演结果的解释过程中应该注意的问题：如何判别反演结果的正确性，如何将反演得到的波阻抗等数据体转换成储层厚度平面图和储层物理性质变化平面图，如何通过反演结果识别岩性圈闭，如何通过反演结果区别波阻抗相同的不同地质体；提出可以通过波阻抗剖面和地震剖面叠合等方法来检验反演结果的正确性；在过滤砂岩过程中，对过滤门槛值进行压实校正等一系列的处理可以得到合理的砂岩等厚度平面图；通过砂岩等厚度平面图与构造图的叠合来圈定隐蔽油气藏的范围，在解释过程中通过对几个主要问题的解决，取得了比较好的效果，并获得了高产油流。     

陆相盆地坡折带的隐蔽油气藏勘探战略

本文从陆相坡折带的定义和分类入手，阐述了构造坡折带、沉积坡折带和侵蚀坡折带的成因以及对层序，尤其对低水位体系域和隐蔽油气藏的控制和影响。指出陆相坡折带与海相坡折带的区别主要表现在：①坡度不同：陆相盆地受构造作用(包括断裂作用)和短源快速沉积的影响，坡度较陡，碎屑物差异沉积明显。②坡折带特点不同：海相坡折带一般单一稳定，而陆相坡折带具有多级坡折的特点。在此基础上，对渤海湾盆地东营凹陷进行了研究。应用钻、测井及地震等资料，建立了东营凹陷沙三段中部地层的层序地层格架，共分为4个层序，并且每个层序可分为低水位体系域、水进体系域和高水位体系域。建立了储油单元与层序单元(尤其低水位体系域)对应关系。阐述了陆相盆地斜坡带沉积体系域中储集砂体类型和油气成藏机制，从而指导隐蔽油气藏勘探。     

Types of Karst-fractured and Porous Reservoirs in China''s Carbonates and the Nature of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin

Almost all the oil and gas reservoirs developed in marine sedimentary strata of China have undergone processes of multi-phase reservoir formation and later modification. The irregular reservoirs are classified into three types as the Naxi, Tahe and Renqiu ones, increasing successively in the development degree of karstificated pores and fissures and the connection degree of independent reservoirs. In these reservoirs, the unity in the fluid feature, pressure and oil-gas-water interface also increases successively from the Naxi to the Renqiu type. The main body of Ordovician reservoirs of the Tahe Oilfield in the Tarim Basin is a network pool rather than a stratified, massive, stratigraphically-unconformed or weathering-crust one. The fluid nature of oil, gas and water, the interface positions and the pressures, as well as the dynamic conditions of fluids within the reservoirs during the production are all different from those in stratified or massive oil and gas reservoirs. Carbonates in the Akekule upli     

Organic geochemical characteristics of time-series settling particles in northern South China Sea and their implications

Organic carbon, total nitrogen, amino acids, sugars, and chlorophyll were determined in < 1 mm fractions of the samples collected by successive large aperture time-series sediment traps (Honjo-Mark M) in northern South China Sea during September 1987 to October 1988. The ratio of C/N and the relative abundance of amino acids and sugars show that organic matter in the settling particles from northern South China Sea is derived mainly from marine plantkon (especially phytoplankton). The organic carbon fluxes in our sediment traps are lower than those in other sediment traps. But the relative contents of C_org/total particulate matter are generally similar to those in the Panama Basin, Arabian Sea and Subarctic Pacific. It is suggested that monsoon-caused changes of physical and chemical conditions in the upper euphotic layer would control the fluxes of organic matter as well as its composition and transport in northern South China Sea. This project was financially supported by both Sino-German Scientific Cooperation Program and National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49070269, 49776297).     

非构造油气藏国内外研究现状及发展方向

隐蔽圈闭油气藏的研究现状表明,随着勘探程度的不断提高以及石油地质和沉积学研究的深入,尤其是层序地层学研究的进一步加强,隐蔽圈闭油气藏将成为今后油气工作的重点勘探对象。因此,本文就隐蔽圈闭油气藏的分类、特征及实际意义进行深入论述,并就其发展趋势进行了总结,以期对我国今后油气勘探部署提供参考。     

裂缝储集层模糊综合评价方法

裂缝储集层模糊综合评价是以岩石裂缝发育规律及其油气成藏理论为依据，以计算机为实现手段，充分利用多种地震地质信息和钻井资料，对裂缝储集层含油气性进行石油地质综合评价．最终完成圈闭储集层分类、排队、优选和决策分析。并以此为依据，提出预探井部署设计意见和钻探圈闭的反馈评价。这里给出了在东濮凹陷的应用实例，取得了较好的评价效果。     

中国东部逆断层及油气

传统上把我国的沉积盆地划分为东部拉张,中部过渡,西部挤压,这种观点曾经束缚了人们的地震解释思路,在中国东部的剖面上出现逆断层现象而不能予以确定。事实上,中国东部总体上以拉张构造为主,普遍发育正断层,但在勘探中也确实发现了逆断层,且对油气聚集具有重要的控制作用。从成因观点分析,这些逆断层主要可分为构造挤压型及重力滑动型两大类。构造挤压型逆断层按地质时代又可分为晚第三纪、白垩纪、古生代末等三个时期,它们分别对应于中国东部大地构造演化的三个“断陷—坳陷”旋回,断陷对应于构造拉张期,坳陷对应干构造挤压期,逆断层主要发育于坳陷发育时期。着重对两类逆断层的形成机制、演化规律及油气赋存状态进行了论述剖析。中国东部含油气盆地的构造运动不是一张到顶的;晚第三纪的构造挤压逆冲断层与重力滑动逆冲断层在形成机理上是有区别的;逆同生断层在晚期干上覆地层中形成的浅层构造,应是次生油气藏的良好场所。