Numerical modelling of floodplain hydraulics and suspended sediment transport and deposition at the event scale in the middle river Elbe,Germany

The objective of this case study was to calibrate and verify detailed transport model of sediment in a 4‐kilometre stretch of the middle Elbe floodplains in Germany. The hydraulic RMA‐2 model and the SED2d‐WES sediment transport model were used. These models were calibrated and validated by detailed measurement of the surface water elevations, the velocities at six profiles, and the suspended sediment concentration and deposition (by means of 10 sediment traps). The flow was modelled for three steady‐state discharges. The surface water elevations were calculated to an accuracy of less than 5 cm compared to measurements. The differences between the calculated and measured velocities were with one exception smaller than 0.2 m/s (measured range 0.1…?1.0 m/s). An average sediment input of 35 g/(m² d) was calculated for the flood event studied. The highest calculated sedimentation rates of 700 g/(m² d) (dry density 90 kg/m³) occurred in quiescent zones and abandoned channels. Twenty‐five percent of the deposited sediment settled in the quiescent zones (which only account for 13% of the area). The most sensitive parameters of the sediment transport model were the settling velocity and critical shear stress. The modelling techniques used allowed sediment deposition on the floodplains of the Elbe to be realistically depicted.     

渤海湾盆地隐蔽油气藏

渤海湾盆地隐蔽油气藏的形成与分布 ,总体上受控于裂谷断陷湖盆的生成演化。中新生代以来 ,多旋回的挤压、走滑与伸展作用 ,使华北地台解体 ,地壳薄化 ,并形成由一系列掀斜断块组成的裂谷盆地。在盆地内 ,常出现含油的潜山披覆背斜构造、拖曳构造、重力滑动构造、冲断构造和不同时期不同类型构造复合叠加而成的复杂隐蔽断裂构造。受老第三纪构造旋回与古气候旋回控制 ,在沉积建造上形成了 5个不整合或假整合界面和 4套层序叠覆的层序结构 ,以及富于岩相岩性变化的断陷湖盆沉积。在水进超覆层内或水进超覆层之间 ,建造的低水位扇砂体、浊积岩体、生物碎屑灰岩与火山岩体等 ,极易形成大量的地层岩性油气藏和岩性与构造复合油气藏。     

阿姆河右岸中下侏罗统构造变形及构造圈闭特征

阿姆河右岸区块为CNPC在阿姆河盆地的重要合作区块,目前对该区中下侏罗统构造面貌认识不甚清楚,严重制约着该区深部的油气勘探进展。充分利用已有的地质、钻探资料及新近采集的三维地震资料,通过对研究区中下侏罗统层序界面的全区追踪对比,探讨了阿姆河右岸区块中部三维地震区的中下侏罗统构造变形特征,在此基础上进一步分析了中下侏罗统构造圈闭类型及其成藏有效性。研究表明,研究区中下侏罗统构造是在晚二叠世-三叠纪断陷阶段形成的查尔朱断阶背景上,经过侏罗纪-古近纪的坳陷阶段和新近纪以来的来自南东方向的强烈挤压改造形成的综合产物。整体来看中下侏罗统主要发育有NW-SE向、近EW向、NEE-SWW向和NE-SW向4组断裂,不同走向断裂其形成时代、运动学特征、演化过程及在空间上的分布等方面都存在明显差异。受不同断裂活动性质的影响,研究区发育有NW-SE向、NE-SW向及NNE-SWW向3组不同走向的褶皱构造。受中下侏罗统构造变形过程的控制,研究区构造圈闭主要为背斜型圈闭,它们多被断裂切割改造,形成断层-背斜复合型圈闭。根据圈闭发育的控制因素可以分为在基底古隆起基础上发育起来的背斜型圈闭（A型）和与基底古隆起无关的新近纪形成的挤压背斜型圈闭（B型）。不同类型圈闭的成藏有效性存在明显差异。A型圈闭由于是在基底古隆起基础上发育起来的,中下侏罗统储层发育相对较好;B型圈闭主要位于研究区东部,早中侏罗世该区位于水体较深部位,储层发育差。根据A型圈闭在后期构造运动中被改造的强弱,可进一步分为A-1型和A-2型圈闭。A-1型圈闭后期被改造程度弱,早期古隆起边缘断裂的后期活动未将早期（新近纪以前）可能已经形成的中下侏罗统原生油气藏完全破坏掉,从而一部分原生油气藏被保存下来;而A-2型圈闭后期被改造程度强,早期断裂的后期活动或新生断裂将早期可能形成的中下侏罗统原生油气藏严重破坏。3类构造圈闭中下侏罗统成藏有效性以A-1型圈闭最好,A-2型圈闭次之,B型圈闭最差。     

High downward flux of mucilaginous aggregates in the Ligurian Sea during summer 2002: similarities with the mucilage phenomenon in the Adriatic Sea

The DYFAMED sediment trap station in the Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean) has been active since 1986 and today comprises the longest time‐series of downward particle flux in the Mediterranean Sea. As such, it provides valuable information on the interannual variability of the particle flux, and also documents possible recent changes in the NW Mediterranean pelagic ecosystems. We report an unprecedented episode of downward flux of mucilaginous material at the DYFAMED station during summer 2002 in association with singular hydrometeorological conditions. The rain of mucilaginous aggregates clogged a PPS5 sediment trap at 260 m depth and was also clearly detected at 1080 m depth. The possible factors governing the development and sinking of the mucilaginous material are discussed. A very sharp increase of sea surface temperature during June and the presence of freshened waters in the surface the following month resulted in a stronger than usual stratification of the upper water column throughout the summer season. We suggest that the steepness of the vertical density gradient was responsible for the unusual accumulation of mucous aggregates. Additionally, a diatom bloom took place during the nutrient‐depleted conditions typical of summer, a factor which may have contributed to feed the pycnocline with transparent exopolymer substances. A storm occurring in the beginning of August relaxed the stratification and promoted the deposition of the mucilaginous aggregates accumulated in the upper water column during the preceding months. Important similarities of ambient conditions preceding the apparition of mucilaginous material in our open‐sea site and those reported in the Adriatic Sea during major mucilage events, suggest that general climatic conditions, rather than local factors, drive the occurrence of major accumulations of mucilaginous material in the water column at both sub‐basins of the Mediterranean Sea. In this regard, the strength of the air temperature increase during the onset of the stratified season is proposed as a major controlling factor.     

油气物探异常灰色定位预测

基于油的敢信息灰色系统研究,提出了油气物探异常灰色定位预测法,在新疆塔里木盆地托库研究区,应用采集的１０物探信息,圈定的（３）号油气圈闭靶区已钻获高产油气流。     

辽西低凸起中南段东营组层序地层与隐蔽油气藏预测

辽西低凸起中南段油气成藏条件优越,是进一步开展隐蔽油气藏勘探的有利区。针对该区地层、层序方面存在的主要问题,应用层序地层、物源体系以及古地貌等综合分析的方法,构建等时层序地层格架,探讨主要目的层系东二层序、东三层序沉积体系展布规律。分析了层序、构造活动对沉积控制作用,不同体系域沉积体系发育特点及有利砂体展布规律。在此基础上,结合研究区构造面貌与沉积体系展布配置关系,指出研究区有利隐蔽油气藏勘探方向。     

中浅层复杂构造、微幅度圈闭地震地质解释技术在大港滩海区的应用

针对大港滩海区白唐马沿岸带中浅层复杂构造、微幅度圈闭识别困难的情况,采用了合成记录标定技术和相干切片及时间切片等技术方法.在构造解释中总结出了对复杂断块、中浅层微幅度圈闭识别的技术系列,取得较好的地质效果.     

Triterpenols from sediments of Santa Monica Basin, Southern California Bight, U.S.A.

The triterpenol geochemistry of the Santa Monica Basin from the Southern California Borderland, off the U.S.A., is described from the study of two sets of trap deployments, five box cores (≈30 cm) and a hydroplastic core (≈1 m). The biogenic sources and diagenetic stability of the triterpenols are discussed.The 17β(H), 21β(H)-hopanols (22R isomer) occur in the carbon number range from 30 to 32 and their abundance is nearly uniform in the shallow sediment sections. However, the three hopanols follow the order of abundance, C₃₂ > C₃₁ C₃₀, in deeper sections. Their concentrations spans from trace levels to 156 μg/g organic carbon (<15 ng to 7 μg/g dry sediment). Tetrahymanol (gammaceran-3β-ol) has been identified in all the samples except in one set of trap particles collected at 100 m water depth, from trace level (<1 μg) to 215 μg/g organic carbon (<20 ng to 9 μg/g dry sediment). Diplopterol is also detected in trace amounts in some samples. The triterpenols in the trap material generally increase with the water column depth and decrease with the subbottom depth in the sediment cores.The extended hopanols are either degradation products of polyhydroxybacteriohopanes or are biosynthesized by bacteria. Tetrahymanol is probably the only suggested biological precursor of gammacerane (the reduced counterpart of tetrahymanol), which has been recognized in numerous crude oils and lithified sediments. Although it has been reported earlier from Green River Shale and from a residual Pleistocene lake sediment, tetrahymanol has so far been positively identified from recent marine sediments only in two recent studies. The decreasing content of tetrahymanol in sedimentary depth profiles in the Santa Monica Basin would favor an origin for this compound in the water column or at the sediment surface. The ubiquitous occurrence of this compound throughout the study area suggests that this triterpenol most probably originates from primitive organisms (protozoa, bacteria?), hitherto not identified or, more likely, not yet analyzed for their lipid composition.     

雪峰山西侧构造演化和构造格局对区域油气成藏条件的控制

本文对雪峰造山带北西缘及其北西侧隔槽式褶皱带的区域构造演化和构造格局与油气关系进行了总结和探讨,主要认识如下:震旦纪-早古生代的被动大陆边缘盆地(Z1-O1)和前陆盆地(O2-S)背景下形成了3套主要生储盖组合。主要烃源层牛蹄塘组早奥陶世开始排烃(油)、三叠纪末排烃(气)基本结束;五峰-龙马溪组晚古生代中期开始排烃(油),白垩纪末排烃(气)基本结束。晚奥陶世后期的都匀运动形成了雪峰造山带北缘隆起和黔中隆起(为大型圈闭),中侏罗世或中三叠世以前的油气多由周边凹陷区向这两个隆起区运移、聚集,严重影响到凹陷区中生代圈闭内天然气成藏潜力和规模。受排烃历史控制,隔槽式褶皱带内中生代圈闭构造有可能形成以五峰-龙马溪组为烃源的较大规模上组合气藏;以牛蹄塘组为烃源的下组合和中组合一般难以成藏,但在黔中隆起带有可能形成次生气藏。最后,基于构造和油气演化特征,探讨了研究区油气成藏远景,并提出了油气勘探方向建议。     

塔河油田碳酸盐岩大型隐蔽油藏成藏机理探讨

塔河碳酸盐岩隐蔽油藏是目前中国最大的海相整装油田,油藏类型以大型岩溶缝洞型隐蔽油藏为主,平面上油气分布具有大面积叠置连片不均匀含油特点,纵向上主要富集于奥陶系顶面不整合面之下400m范围之内,无统一油水界面,主要受非均质性极强的次生孔洞缝储集体发育程度控制。其成藏主控因素为：①多期多旋回岩溶(古表生、深埋)及断裂作用形成的孔、洞、缝网络状储集体与上覆有效盖层尤其是石炭系巴楚组泥岩及膏泥岩有效配置是油气成藏的关键;②长期继承性发育的大型阿克库勒凸起及多期断裂系统限制了岩溶储层发育范围,并控制了油气运移、聚集与成藏;③多源长期供烃,早期成藏遭受改造。晚期再次充注调整是塔河重要成藏机制。