维苏威和武尔卡诺火山碎屑物中磷灰石挥发组分的研究

磷灰石中挥发分的类质同象替换可以反映其结晶时岩浆体系的成分特点。采用扫描电镜、能谱、电子探针、X射线单晶晶胞参数测定和红外、拉曼光谱,对维苏威和武尔卡诺火山碎屑物中磷灰石进行了初步研究,发现其Ca、P位置上不出现替换,主要替换形成于通道位置上。武尔卡诺磷灰石低硫富Cl,晶胞参数c/a值很小,在低压高温下形成;而维苏威磷灰石含硫稍多,通道离子主要由OH-F组成,形成于压力较大、温度较低的环境,Cl趋向于在早期喷发物中富集,而F则趋向于在晚期喷发物中富集。     

青藏高原东缘不同人工林替代乡土灌木对地被物水文特征的影响

尽管森林地被物在保水与养分循环中扮演重要角色,但我们仍然对由植被转换引起的森林地被物的变化缺乏了解。为评价不同人工林替代乡土灌丛对森林地被物水文特性的影响,我们选择了4种人工林（连香树Cercidiphyllum japonicum[Cj],油松Pinus tabulaeformis[Pt],华山松Pinus armandi[Pa],落叶松Larix kaempferi[Lk]）,以次生乡土灌丛（QC）（Quercus liaotungensis和Corylus heterophylla var.sutchuenensis为优势种）为对照。人工林种植于1987年,初始密度为2500株ha-1。我们发现针叶人工林地被物厚度和贮量明显大于次生灌丛地和阔叶人工林地。地被物最大持水量在各林地之间差异与厚度和贮量显示相同的趋势,我们认为其主要贡献因子为林地凋落物数量及单位重量凋落物的最大持水量差异。地被物吸水过程和吸水速率与浸泡时间分别呈对数与指数回归关系。吸水过程在各植被之间与地被物各层次之间明显不同,主要受各植被的凋落物叶结构与分解程度影响。我们的结果显示针叶林地被物储量明显高于阔叶林,这说明以针叶树种为优势的林地大量养分滞留在凋落物中,难于返还土壤被植物利用,同时,半分解层（F）和分解层（H）最大持水能力高于未分解层（L）,因此,改善林地微环境,促进L层地被物向F和H层转化,是改善人工林地被物水文功能的主要方法之一。     

利用核酸适配体的竞争置换作用检测溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)

溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)是水产养殖中致病性较强的一种条件致病菌,为更灵敏、高效地对其进行检测,研发出一种基于核酸适配体竞争置换作用的检测方法。首先设计并制备出磁珠-核酸适配体-荧光报告探针的检测复合物(MAP检测复合物),然后利用溶藻弧菌与其核酸适配体有较好的亲和特异性,在对样品进行检测时,样品中的溶藻弧菌就会竞争MAP检测复合物中的核酸适配体,从而置换出与该核酸适配体结合的荧光报告探针,再通过检测置换出的报告探针的荧光强度来表征溶藻弧菌的浓度,从而实现对溶藻弧菌的定量检测。结果表明,该方法对溶藻弧菌的检测限可达到1CFU/mL,与嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、迟钝爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)、哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)等水产养殖中的常见致病微生物没有交叉反应,并在1~20、20~100和100~1000 CFU/mL范围内都表现出较好的线性关系。另外还对MAP检测复合物的制备条件进行了优化,较为理想的制备条件为:100nmol/L核酸适配体与100nmol/L荧光报告探针按体积比1︰1混合结合30 min,制备出50 nmol/L的核酸适配体-荧光报告探针复合物,然后该复合物再与25μg/mL的磁珠按体积比1︰1混合结合60 min,制备出相应的MAP检测复合物。利用核酸适配体的竞争置换作用检测溶藻弧菌有较好的灵敏度和特异性,展现了较好的应用前景。     

Phase relations and equation-of-state of aluminous Mg-silicate perovskite and implications for Earth's lower mantle

We have investigated the effect of Al³⁺ on the room-temperature compressibility of perovskite for stoichiometric compositions along the MgSiO₃-AlO_1.5 join with up to 25 mol% AlO_1.5. Aluminous Mg-perovskite was synthesized from glass starting materials, and was observed to remain a stable phase in the range of ∼30-100 GPa at temperatures of ∼2000 to 2600 K. Lattice parameters for orthorhombic (Pbnm) perovskite were determined using in situ X-ray diffraction at SPring8, Japan. Addition of Al³⁺ into the perovskite structure increases orthorhombic distortion and unit cell volume at ambient conditions (V₀). Compression causes anisotropic decreases in axial length, with the a axis more compressive than the b and c axes by about 25% and 3%, respectively. The magnitude of orthorhombic distortion increases with pressure, but aluminous perovskite remains stable to pressures of at least 100 GPa. Our results show that substitution of Al³⁺ causes a mild increase in compressibility, with the bulk modulus (K₀) decreasing at a rate of −67±35 GPa/X_Al. This decrease in K₀ is consistent with recent theoretical calculations if essentially all Al³⁺ substitutes equally into the six- and eight-fold sites by charge-coupled substitution with Mg²⁺ and Si⁴⁺. In contrast, the large increase in compressibility reported in some studies with addition of even minor amounts of Al is consistent with substitution of Al³⁺ into six-fold sites via an oxygen-vacancy forming substitution reaction. Schematic phase relations within the ternary MgSiO₃-AlO_1.5-SiO₂ indicate that a stability field of ternary defect Mg-perovskite should be stable at uppermost lower mantle conditions. Extension of phase relations into the quaternary MgSiO₃-AlO_1.5-FeO_1.5-SiO₂ based on recent experimental results indicates the existence of a complex polyhedral volume of Mg-perovskite solid solutions comprised of a mixture of charge-coupled and oxygen-vacancy Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ substitutions. Primitive mantle with about 5 mol% AlO_1.5 and an Fe³⁺/(Fe³⁺+Fe²⁺) ratio of ∼0.5 is expected to be comprised of ferropericlase coexisiting with Mg-perovskite that has a considerable component of Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ defect substitutions at conditions of the uppermost lower mantle. Increased pressure may favor charge-coupled substitution reactions over vacancy forming reactions, such that a region could exist in the lower mantle with a gradient in substitution mechanisms. In this case, we expect the physical and transport properties of Mg-perovskite to change with depth, with a softer, probably more hydrated, defect dominated Mg-perovskite at the top of the lower mantle, grading into a stiffer, dehydrated, charge-coupled substitution dominated Mg-perovskite at greater depth.     

自适应基质矿物体积模量提取和流体替换验证(英文)

岩石物理学研究中Gassmann方程被广泛应用于预测岩石中的地震波速度,由于输入的基质矿物体积模量参数不准确,极大的影响预测结果的可靠性,特别是复杂基质矿物组合的碳酸盐岩储层。因此本文结合Russell流体因子和Gassmann-Boit-Geertsma方程计算式,通过引入干岩石骨架泊松比,提出了一种基质矿物体积模量提取方法,能够自适应反演岩石基质矿物等效体积模量,提高流体影响预测的可靠性,通过实际资料流体替换验证,该方法的预测结果是可靠的,并且计算效率高、适应性强。     

NOAA气象卫星云检测方法的研究

为了提高气象卫星资料的可用性，排除云干扰，本文根据云的时空分布变化特征，对可见光波段反射率和热红外波段温度进行分析和研究，提出了可见光反射率自动判云、热红外温度自动判云，可见光和热红外组合判云以及设立云区阈值判云等一系列检测方法。并对检测出的云区采用同周期相近时相的图像资料相对变化率来反演替代云区灰度值。保证了图像的连续性和客观性，取得了较好的效果。     

饱和致密砂岩中动态剪切模量硬化的实验研究与理论模拟

Gassmann理论认为岩石的剪切模量在饱和流体前后保持不变,这一认识被广泛应用于高孔高渗常规储层中.然而,致密砂岩等非常规储层通常具有低孔、低渗以及孔隙结构复杂等岩石物理特征,因此Gassmann流体替换理论在此类储层的适用性尚不明确.针对这一问题,本文在1～60 MPa有效压力内分别测量了干燥与饱水致密砂岩样品的超...     

广西铝针铁矿的研究及其意义

文章论述广西某些地区铝土矿及红土的针铁矿中铝的类质同象置换现象，并运用Ｘ射线衍射分析法测定其中的置换率。这种针铁矿称为铝针铁矿。文中指出，在地表氧化条件下形成的针铁矿中，这种置换现象甚为普遍；置换率的高低反映其形成时的地质环境及物理化学条件；高置换率常常与高成熟度红土化作用特别是红土型铝土矿密切相关。铝一旦进入针铁矿晶格后，将出现稳定性效应，在矿物被溶解或相变成其他矿物之前是不会自行析出的。因此，对其研究不仅可用以判断形成环境，而且，对铝土矿矿物量和有效溶出率的计算以及对工业利用流程合理选择均有重要意义     

Crystal structures of iron bearing tetrahedrite and tennantite at 25 and 250°C by means of Rietveld refinement of synchrotron data

Rietveld refinement of X-ray synchrotron data was performed for two synthetic tetrahedrite samples, with 0.61 and 1.83 Fe atoms, and two synthetic tennantite samples with 0.10 and 1.23 Fe atoms p.f.u. M₁₂(Sb,As)₄S₁₃. Measurements were performed at 25 and 250°C. For both the phases, increased Fe substitution is reflected in the increased tetrahedral ‘Cu1’–S distance (‘Cu1’ is a site of Fe substitution) and Cu2–S distances. Cu2 was refined as a split position; the Cu2–Cu2 split about the plane of the S1₂S2 triangle is about 0.56 and 0.65 Å for tetrahedrite and tennantite, respectively. Cu2–Cu2 distances in the structure cavity are 2.8–2.9 Å. Between 25 and 250°C, the lattice parameter a increased by 0.02–0.04 Å and the interatomic distances by 0.01 Å on an average. Thermal expansion coefficients of little-substituted samples are similar to those of unsubstituted samples, whereas thermal expansion appears to decrease with increasing substitution by Fe. The Cu2–Cu2 split increases at 250°C by about 0.1 Å for tetrahedrite and by more than 0.15 Å for tennantite but the cage expansion is minimal so that the Cu2–Cu2 distances in the cavity decrease with temperature. Difference Fourier maps indicate that there is little residual electron density left between the two Cu2 half-sites in tetrahedrite but this inter-site density is substantially higher in tennantite. It increases with temperature, especially in the little-substituted tennantite sample.     

类质同象置换对磁铁矿表面反应性的制约机制

铁(氢)氧化物矿物对环境物质的地球化学行为有着重要的制约作用。相比于其他铁氧化物,磁铁矿具有一些独特的结构特征与表面性质,而赋予其良好的氧化还原活性。天然磁铁矿结构中广泛存在类质同象置换,探讨类质同象置换对磁铁矿表面反应的制约机制,有助于深刻理解磁铁矿族矿物在环境自净化过程中的作用机制。本文介绍了典型置换离子在磁铁矿结构中的赋存状态,及其对磁铁矿物化性质影响,重点阐述类质同象置换对磁铁矿表面反应性(如吸附、氧化、还原等性能)的制约机制,最后针对已有的相关研究现状以及面临的挑战,为未来的研究方向提出了一些设想和建议。