Heterogeneous Nucleophilic Transformation of Metolachlor by Bisulfide on Alumina Surface

The present research elucidates the accelerating effect of alumina minerals on metolachlor transformation using sulfur nucleophiles and also determines the metolachlor transformation mechanisms in the heterogeneous reaction systems. Metolachlor transformation was first systematically investigated under different conditions. Then, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were used to characterize the changes in the surface bonds of the aluminas. The transformation products were qualitatively identified using LC/MS. The results showed that bisulfide can produce efficient metolachlor transformation rates, and the presence of the aluminas can further accelerate the transformation by achieving complete transformation in <21 days. In addition, a higher pH and higher bisulfide concentration are more favorable for metolachlor transformation. When normalized to the surface area, the metolachlor transformation rates were found to follow the order of α‐Al₂O₃>γ‐AlOOH>γ‐Al₂O₃ in the presence of different aluminas. FTIR results indicated that the enhancement of metolachlor transformation rates by bisulfide with aluminas can be attributed to the surface active nucleophiles on alumina surfaces formed through Al? S and Al? O bonds. The substitution of chlorine on the metolachlor followed the S_N2 mechanism by bisulfide with accelerated rate through mediating the heterogeneous reactions with aluminas.     

CY-1钻孔盐水泥浆护壁技术

CY-1钻孔是河北沧县盐矿深部勘探的第一钻,在钻探施工中,泥浆护壁是遇到的技术难题之一。针对工区施工条件采用了分段泥浆转换方案,确保了施工安全及质量。实践表明,该钻孔泥浆护壁方法技术路线可行,实现了顺利取心,为沧州地区深部盐矿勘探积累了经验。详细介绍了该孔盐水泥浆护壁技术。     

饱和致密砂岩中动态剪切模量硬化的实验研究与理论模拟

Gassmann理论认为岩石的剪切模量在饱和流体前后保持不变,这一认识被广泛应用于高孔高渗常规储层中.然而,致密砂岩等非常规储层通常具有低孔、低渗以及孔隙结构复杂等岩石物理特征,因此Gassmann流体替换理论在此类储层的适用性尚不明确.针对这一问题,本文在1～60 MPa有效压力内分别测量了干燥与饱水致密砂岩样品的超...     

广西铝针铁矿的研究及其意义

文章论述广西某些地区铝土矿及红土的针铁矿中铝的类质同象置换现象，并运用Ｘ射线衍射分析法测定其中的置换率。这种针铁矿称为铝针铁矿。文中指出，在地表氧化条件下形成的针铁矿中，这种置换现象甚为普遍；置换率的高低反映其形成时的地质环境及物理化学条件；高置换率常常与高成熟度红土化作用特别是红土型铝土矿密切相关。铝一旦进入针铁矿晶格后，将出现稳定性效应，在矿物被溶解或相变成其他矿物之前是不会自行析出的。因此，对其研究不仅可用以判断形成环境，而且，对铝土矿矿物量和有效溶出率的计算以及对工业利用流程合理选择均有重要意义     

北极航道的贸易替代效应与贸易互补效应分析

随着北极冰雪加速消融,北极航道在国际贸易运输中的关注度日益提升。文章采用理论模型进行分析,认为北极航道通过贸易替代效应与贸易互补效应对世界贸易格局产生影响。研究发现北极航道开通将：提升航道沿线各国间的贸易潜力,改变沿线国与非沿线国间部分贸易活动的流向;催生北极航道沿线国之间部分贸易活动的产生,改变北极航道沿线国之间部分贸易活动的流量。     

Phase relations and equation-of-state of aluminous Mg-silicate perovskite and implications for Earth's lower mantle

We have investigated the effect of Al³⁺ on the room-temperature compressibility of perovskite for stoichiometric compositions along the MgSiO₃-AlO_1.5 join with up to 25 mol% AlO_1.5. Aluminous Mg-perovskite was synthesized from glass starting materials, and was observed to remain a stable phase in the range of ∼30-100 GPa at temperatures of ∼2000 to 2600 K. Lattice parameters for orthorhombic (Pbnm) perovskite were determined using in situ X-ray diffraction at SPring8, Japan. Addition of Al³⁺ into the perovskite structure increases orthorhombic distortion and unit cell volume at ambient conditions (V₀). Compression causes anisotropic decreases in axial length, with the a axis more compressive than the b and c axes by about 25% and 3%, respectively. The magnitude of orthorhombic distortion increases with pressure, but aluminous perovskite remains stable to pressures of at least 100 GPa. Our results show that substitution of Al³⁺ causes a mild increase in compressibility, with the bulk modulus (K₀) decreasing at a rate of −67±35 GPa/X_Al. This decrease in K₀ is consistent with recent theoretical calculations if essentially all Al³⁺ substitutes equally into the six- and eight-fold sites by charge-coupled substitution with Mg²⁺ and Si⁴⁺. In contrast, the large increase in compressibility reported in some studies with addition of even minor amounts of Al is consistent with substitution of Al³⁺ into six-fold sites via an oxygen-vacancy forming substitution reaction. Schematic phase relations within the ternary MgSiO₃-AlO_1.5-SiO₂ indicate that a stability field of ternary defect Mg-perovskite should be stable at uppermost lower mantle conditions. Extension of phase relations into the quaternary MgSiO₃-AlO_1.5-FeO_1.5-SiO₂ based on recent experimental results indicates the existence of a complex polyhedral volume of Mg-perovskite solid solutions comprised of a mixture of charge-coupled and oxygen-vacancy Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ substitutions. Primitive mantle with about 5 mol% AlO_1.5 and an Fe³⁺/(Fe³⁺+Fe²⁺) ratio of ∼0.5 is expected to be comprised of ferropericlase coexisiting with Mg-perovskite that has a considerable component of Al³⁺ and Fe³⁺ defect substitutions at conditions of the uppermost lower mantle. Increased pressure may favor charge-coupled substitution reactions over vacancy forming reactions, such that a region could exist in the lower mantle with a gradient in substitution mechanisms. In this case, we expect the physical and transport properties of Mg-perovskite to change with depth, with a softer, probably more hydrated, defect dominated Mg-perovskite at the top of the lower mantle, grading into a stiffer, dehydrated, charge-coupled substitution dominated Mg-perovskite at greater depth.     

A homogenization method for estimating the bearing capacity of soils reinforced by columns

The ultimate bearing capacity problem of a strip foundation resting on a soil reinforced by a group of regularly spaced columns is investigated in the situation when both the native soil and reinforcing material are purely cohesive. Making use of the yield design homogenization approach, it is shown that such a problem may be dealt with as a plane strain yield design problem, provided that the reinforced soil macroscopic strength condition has been previously determined. Lower and upper bound estimates for such a macroscopic criterion are obtained, thus giving evidence of the reinforced soil strong anisotropy. Performing the upper bound kinematic approach on the homogenized bearing capacity problem, by using the classical Prandtl's failure mechanism, makes it then possible to derive analytical upper bound estimates for the reinforced foundation bearing capacity, as a function of the reinforced soil parameters (volume fraction and cohesion ratio), as well as of the relative extension of the reinforced area. It is shown in particular that such an estimate is closer to the exact value of the ultimate bearing capacity, than that derived from a direct analysis which implicitly assumes that the reinforced soil is an isotropic material. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于流体替换技术的地震AVO属性气藏识别(英文)

传统上,油藏地球物理工程师是基于测井数据进行流体替换,计算油藏饱和不同流体时的弹性参数,并通过地震正演模拟分析油藏饱和不同流体时的地震响应,从而进行油气藏识别研究。该研究方案为油藏研究提供了重要的弹性参数和地震响应信息,但这些信息仅限于井眼位置。对于实际油藏条件,地下储层参数都是随位置变化而变化的,如孔隙度、泥质含量和油藏厚度等,因此基于传统流体替换方案得到的流体变化地震响应信息对于油气藏识别具有很大的局限性。研究通过设定联系油藏弹性参数与孔隙度、矿物组分等参数的岩石物理模型,并基于三层地质模型,进行地震正演模拟与AVO属性计算。得到油藏孔隙度、泥质含量和储层厚度变化时地震AVO属性,并建立了饱和水储层和含气储层对应AVO属性(包括梯度与截距)之间的定量关系。建立的AVO属性之间的线性关系可以实现基于地震AVO属性直接进行流体替换。最后,应用建立的流体替换前后AVO属性之间线性方程,对模拟地震数据直接进行流体替换,并通过流体替换前后AVO属性交汇图分析实现了气藏识别。     

类质同象置换对磁铁矿表面反应性的制约机制

铁(氢)氧化物矿物对环境物质的地球化学行为有着重要的制约作用。相比于其他铁氧化物,磁铁矿具有一些独特的结构特征与表面性质,而赋予其良好的氧化还原活性。天然磁铁矿结构中广泛存在类质同象置换,探讨类质同象置换对磁铁矿表面反应的制约机制,有助于深刻理解磁铁矿族矿物在环境自净化过程中的作用机制。本文介绍了典型置换离子在磁铁矿结构中的赋存状态,及其对磁铁矿物化性质影响,重点阐述类质同象置换对磁铁矿表面反应性(如吸附、氧化、还原等性能)的制约机制,最后针对已有的相关研究现状以及面临的挑战,为未来的研究方向提出了一些设想和建议。     

Minres factor analysis of hypersthene data, Strathcona Mine (Ontario, Canada)

This is the first application of minimum residuals (minres),a type of factor analysis, in the study of hypersthene minerals from a mafic norite formation at the Strathcona Mine near Sudbury, Ontario. Minres, because it yields highest communalities for some variables, is preferred to other types of factoring solutions including a common factor model with Chayes' null correlations as factor input. Oblique rotation of factors is rejected as a model for statistical and geochemical reasons. A five oxide-variable model that reasonably well determines hypersthene is reduced by minres to a two-factor model which is statistically significant. Because of the small number of variables in the analysis, it is difficult to interpret the isolated factors in terms of specific geologic processes. The factors, however, even if surrogate, are linked with substitution phenomena in the hypersthene.