深海弯曲水道内部一种特殊的沉积单元:凹岸坝

在深海水道研究过程中,识别出深海弯曲水道内部存在一种特殊的沉积单元--凹岸坝,基于尼日尔三角洲陆坡区浅层高频三维地震资料,利用地震相分析技术,探究了凹岸坝的沉积结构特征和形成机制,讨论了其与水道弯曲丘(nested mounds)、曲流河凹岸滩坝之间的差异。研究结果表明:凹岸坝是分布于曲率较大、以垂向加积为主的末期水道弯曲凹岸处的坝体沉积单元,该沉积单元在地震剖面上表现为强振幅、连续性较好的反射特征,其内部沉积界面倾向于水道弯曲凸岸处,倾角约1°~20°,且在凹岸弧顶处达到最大值。凹岸坝形成的关键在于惯性作用,其造成水道内部重力流流体在弯曲处发生溢岸,导致流量减少,流体动能相应降低,流体携砂能力小于沉积物负载,造成沉积物快速沉降,从而形成凹岸坝。由于凹岸坝是一种连续性较好的砂体沉积,所以其可成为潜在的、储集性能较好的油气储集体。     

伊通盆地莫里青断陷双阳组湖泊水下扇沉积特征

本文详细研究了伊通盆地莫里青断陷双阳组沉积类型,并将该区湖泊水下扇的岩相组成划分为5种类型：经典浊积岩相、块状砂岩相、砾质砂岩相、颗粒支撑砾岩相、基质支撑砾岩相;将湖泊水下扇划分为内扇、中扇、外扇三个亚相,对各亚相进一步划分了若干微相。湖泊水下扇沉积为该区地层的主要沉积特征,在垂向上具有进积型和退积型两种类型。     

What controls submarine channel development and the morphology of deltas entering deep-water fjords?

River deltas and associated turbidity current systems produce some of the largest and most rapid sediment accumulations on our planet. These systems bury globally significant volumes of organic carbon and determine the runout distance of potentially hazardous sediment flows and the shape of their deposits. Here we seek to understand the main factors that determine the morphology of turbidity current systems linked to deltas in fjords, and why some locations have well developed submarine channels while others do not. Deltas and associated turbidity current systems are analysed initially in five fjord systems from British Columbia in Canada, and then more widely. This provides the basis for a general classification of delta and turbidity current system types, where rivers enter relatively deep (>200 m) water. Fjord-delta area is found to be strongly bimodal. Avalanching of coarse-grained bedload delivered by steep mountainous rivers produces small Gilbert-type fan deltas, whose steep gradient (11°–25°) approaches the sediment's angle of repose. Bigger fjord-head deltas are associated with much larger and finer-grained rivers. These deltas have much lower gradients (1.5°–10°) that decrease offshore in a near exponential fashion. The lengths of turbidity current channels are highly variable, even in settings fed by rivers with similar discharges. This may be due to resetting of channel systems by delta-top channel avulsions or major offshore landslides, as well as the amount and rate of sediment supplied to the delta front by rivers. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于223Ra和224Ra的桑沟湾海底地下水排放通量

海底地下水排放（SGD）是陆地向海洋输送水量和营养物质的重要通道之一,对沿海物质通量及其生物地球化学循环有重要的影响,对生态环境起着不可忽视的作用。本文运用天然放射性同位素223Ra和224Ra示踪估算了我国北方典型养殖基地桑沟湾的海底地下水排放通量。结果表明,海底地下水样尤其是间隙水中Ra活度[224Ra=（968±31）dpm/（100 L）,223Ra=（31.4±4.9）dpm/（100 L）,n=9]远高于表层海水[224Ra=（38.7±2.0）dpm/（100 L）,223Ra=（1.70±0.50）dpm/（100 L）, n=21]。假设稳态条件下,考虑Ra的各源、汇项,利用Ra平衡模型,估算出桑沟湾SGD排放通量为（0.23~1.03）×107 m3/d。潮周期内的观测结果显示,涨潮时,水力梯度较小,SGD排放变弱,落潮时,水力梯度较大,导致了相对较多的SGD排放。在一个潮周期间,基于223Ra和224Ra得到的SGD排放通量平均为0.39×107 m3/d。潮汐动力下的SGD排放平均占总SGD排放的61%,因此桑沟湾沿岸的地下水排放主要受潮汐动力的影响,并对海水组成及海陆间物质交换有显著贡献。     

赤道东北太平洋表层沉积物间隙水中营养盐的剖面分布及其海底扩散通量

对赤道东北太平洋海域表层沉积物间隙水中硅酸盐、磷酸盐和硝酸盐等营养盐的剖面分布三个航次的研究表明,研究区在采样深度内沉积物中有机质的分解以硝化作用为主.在水-沉积物界面附近硅酸盐、磷酸盐和硝酸盐都存在着极陡的浓度梯度, Fick扩散定理的计算结果表明,研究区内硅酸盐、磷酸盐和硝酸盐的海底扩散通量分别为- 886.45～ 42.62 μ mol/(m2· d)、- 3.04～ 5.83 μ mol/(m2· d)和- 189.43～ 21.05 μ mol/(m2· d),且硅酸盐和硝酸盐主要是从沉积物向底层水体扩散,是底层水体营养盐的来源之一;研究区内硅酸盐、磷酸盐和硝酸盐的海底扩散通量存在着一定的时间和空间变化, 这可能与因全球气候变化而导致的沉积环境的改变有关.     

三维海底晕渲图绘制方法探究

根据地貌晕渲图的制作方法,结合海洋地理数据实际情况,探讨了三维海底晕渲图的制作方法;并将此方法应用于海洋基础地理数据相关项目——地理实体图集的制作。采用ArcGIS软件实现了计算机自动制作三维海底晕渲图的全过程,从最终成果可以看出平面成果图和立体成果图都富有很强立体感,这使人们对海底地形有直观认识,应用将更方便。     

Mathematical modelling of volcanic tsunamis

The height of widespread tsunami runup about the Bay of Plenty from various volcanic scenarios involving eruptions at White Island is shown to be insignificant in all cases considered, except for Krakatoa‐type explosions. The problem of localised inundation remains unanswered. Some definitions describing volcanic tsunami risk, introduced recently by J. Latter (Bulletin volcanologique 1982), are briefly mentioned. All numerical calculations assumed cylindrical symmetry and used a flux‐corrected Lax‐Wendroff algorithm to solve the modified shallow water equations of Peregrine.     

东海海底管道海流冲刷作用的影响因素探讨

依据以往多次东海海底管道检测成果资料,分析和探讨了形成海流冲刷作用的各种因素,可以归结为内部海洋环境和外部环境变化两大因素,以及这些因素可能对海底管道产生危害影响的程度,并总结了在长期的海流冲刷作用下海管的空间状态、海底受冲蚀的表现形式和海床冲淤变化,提出了今后检测和维护工作的一些建议.     

Structure and evolution of the submarine cable network of Chinese mainland

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Submarine cable network is one of the most important connectivity infrastructures in the digital era. In the past 20 years, the submarine cable network of Chinese...