多边形断层系及其研究现状

多边形断层为一类非构造断层,主要分布于深水环境下的细粒沉积物中。它的形成与沉积物的早期压实作用和流体排出作用有关。多边形断层系的识别主要通过时间切片分析和地震剖面解释等手段进行。研究表明,多边形断层系发育一般要经历3个阶段,即超压封存箱的形成、密度反转和多期水力压裂作用。对多边形断层系的研究有助于泥岩压实、油气运移、泥岩中流体活动状态以及对深水砂体分布和几何形态特征的分析等。由于我国还未发现有多边形断层系的存在,希望本文的介绍能为我国开展此类断层研究时有所帮助。     

Simulation of drilling‐induced compaction bands using discrete element method

Rock failure is observed around boreholes often with certain types of failure zones, which are called breakouts. Laboratory‐scale drilling tests in some high‐porosity quartz‐rich sandstone have shown breakouts in the form of narrow localized compacted zones in the minimum horizontal stress direction. They are called fracture‐like breakouts. Such compaction bands may affect hydrocarbon extraction by forming barriers that inhibit fluid flow and may also be a source of sand production. This paper presents the results of numerical simulations of borehole breakouts using 3D discrete element method to investigate the mechanism of the fracture‐like breakouts and to identify the role of far‐field stresses on the breakout dimensions. The numerical tool was first verified against analytical solutions. It was then utilized to investigate the failure mechanism and breakout geometry for drilled cubic rock samples of Castlegate sandstone subjected to different pre‐existing far‐field stresses. Results show that failure occurs in the zones of the highest concentration of tangential stress around the borehole. It is concluded that fracture‐like breakout develops as a result of a nondilatant failure mechanism consisting of localized grain debonding and repacking and grain crushing that lead to the formation of a compaction band in the minimum horizontal stress direction. In addition, it is found that the length of fracture‐like breakouts depends on both the mean stress and stress anisotropy. However, the width of the breakout is not significantly changed by the far‐field stresses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Use of fly ash with no water consumption for cold regions transportation infrastructure

The construction period in cold regions is very short due to problems related to excavation and use of frozen soils in embankment construction, which leads to excessive deformations upon thawing. Also, handling of compaction water is critical due to freezing temperatures. Coalburning thermal power plants are very common in cold regions to supply electricity. The inorganic part of the pulverized coal after burning produces fly ash, which is available in large volumes. Due to excavation difficulties and the poor engineering behavior of frozen soils in cold regions, the utilization of fly ash when it is readily available must be promoted. Any construction technique which utilizes alternative materials like fly ash and minimizes water consumption has a potential to extend the short construction season and even allow service and maintenance during extreme weather conditions. This paper presents two potential techniques to solve the moisture affinity of silt-sized materials like fly ash. One technique involves in-plant production of fly ash pellets using cold-bonding pelletization to manufacture aggregates of up to 40,000-μm diameter from 15- to 60-μm-diameter fly ash grains. Large disc pelletizers have annual production capacities of up to one million ton at a reasonable cost. The product has adequate strength for embankment construction even when no water is used and no compaction is applied. The second technique is an in situ mixing technique which uses snow instead of compaction water for fly ash. The snow is the main element in this technique to compact the embankment. Water is needed for the hydration reactions to form cementitious minerals in fly ash. The slower the hydration reaction, the greater the crystal growth of cementitious minerals. In the proposed technique, in situ snow is mixed with fly ash and is compacted on-site. The temperature increase due to the hydration reaction of fly ash upon contact with snow crystals provides water for continued long-term hydration, which results in high strength, a high void ratio, light weight, and high thermal insulation capability. The presented techniques have the potential to extend the short construction season in cold regions and will provide fill material, decreasing the need for excavation. Both techniques are well documented under laboratory conditions, the research results have been published, and the techniques are ready for field trials to assess implementability.     

东营凹陷烃源岩排烃的地质地球化学特征

利用地质地球化学信息研究烃源岩的排烃行为是一种重要而有效的手段,东营凹陷较为丰富的地质地球化学信息对研究烃源岩的排烃行为具有重要的意义.东营凹陷烃源岩排烃的地质地球化学特征显示其排烃行为存在较强的非均质性:单层泥岩边缘地区排烃效率高,内部排烃效率相对较低,这种现象在厚层泥岩中(大于 30 m)表现更为明显,其中通常存在一定的相对"滞排区";不同的压实阶段,排烃效率也不相同,快速压实带较缓慢压实带及稳定压实带排烃效率稍高.东营凹陷存在两类超压体系:一类是相对开放性质的,幕式排烃是其重要的排烃方式之一,其排烃效率较常压系统高,排烃效率平均在 50%左右(常压体系排烃效率一般在 40%左右);另一类是相对封闭性的,为良好的超压"封存箱",其排烃效率较常压系统低,排烃效率平均在 20%左右,其地质地球化学行为显示一定的滞排特征,排烃行为不明显.研究结果认为压实不均衡是东营凹陷形成沙三中异常高压的主要原因,生烃作用是其形成沙四上超压的主要机制,而沙三下同时具备压实不均衡及生烃作用的双向增压效应.     

西湖凹陷西斜坡平湖组储层特征及致密化过程分析

综合应用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、阴极发光、恒速压汞、流体包裹体和X衍射等分析技术,对储层岩石学、孔喉结构和成岩作用类型及特征进行深入研究,探讨储层致密化过程和物性演化。结果表明：平湖组储层砂岩类型主要为长石岩屑质石英砂岩,以细—中粒结构为主,分选性中到好;孔隙类型以溶蚀粒间孔为主,孔隙半径主要集中于130～190 μm,喉道半径主要集中于0.2～10 μm;埋藏压实是导致平湖组储层低渗-特低渗的主因,埋深、粒度及泥质决定了压实作用的强弱,而后期次生溶蚀及胶结作用的差异加剧了储层的非均值性。中成岩A期平湖组储层次生溶蚀规模受限于流体环境,细粒沉积不利于后期溶蚀是造成储层致密化的主因;进入中成岩B期,成岩环境呈碱性且逐渐封闭,大量含铁碳酸盐、呈丝状或弯曲片状伊利石等富集堵塞喉道,致使储层大规模致密。     

砂质碎屑储层钙质夹层形成机理及其主控因素分析

砂岩储层中局部钙的富集是影响储层物性的重要因素之一,因此揭示钙形成的主控因素及形成机理,对油田后期的高效开发无疑具有重要意义。在砂质碎屑岩中,钙的富集一般以"钙尖"的形式产出,有顶底钙形式、也有团块状等等。本文通过物理化学分析手段,剖析钙离子的来源,钙离子富集条件及钙质沉淀机理及其主控因素。研究结果表明,钙离子主要在同生、表生与深埋成岩作用期析出,各类酸性水是其催化条件。在同生与表生作用期,在湖(海)平面下降,河道变迁等条件下,通过蒸发作用,化学反应平衡左移,形成含钙化合物沉淀。利用苏里格气田东区目的层丰富的地下水地球化学组成分析资料,经综分析表明,目的层钙质夹层形成地质条件复杂,为深埋成岩、同生与表生混合作用下的产物,其中深埋成岩作是其主要形成时期,而其余少量钙质夹层则是在同生或表生期形成,并进一步明确了深埋成岩作用是苏里格气田东区钙质夹层富集的主控因素。     

长春地区白垩系地层地铁勘察参数的确定

白垩系砾岩及泥岩地层在长春地区普遍存在,但由于砾岩地层现场钻探难以取样进行室内土工试验,泥岩地层由于存在水稳性、膨胀性、崩解性等因素影响,砾岩和泥岩的承载力值、抗剪强度参数指标、渗透系数以及基床系数等参数多以经验数据评估方法为主,在合理准确确定相关参数的问题上存在较大分歧。通过对长春地区白垩系砾岩及泥岩进行原位平板载荷试验、浸水载荷试验以及现场原位剪切试验,获取砾岩、泥岩的承载力值、抗剪强度指标、渗透系数以及现场基床系数值等,为地铁建设工程地质问题分析及设计提供充足的地质依据。     

压密注浆的能量分析方法

为了能够从能量的角度分析压密注浆的力学机理,并给出注浆压力的理论解,将整个注浆过程视为无限土体中的圆孔扩张问题,根据注浆过程中能耗区土体在注浆压力和静止土压力作用下的应力、应变和体变关系以及注浆扩孔过程中的能量和体变守恒原理,推导出压密注浆极限注浆压力的理论解答。计算和分析表明,理论解的计算结果与工程实际比较吻合,而且球形扩孔的注浆压力比柱形扩孔的注浆压力要小得多,初步证实了理论解的可靠性。     

Frost heave control of fine round gravel fillings in deep seasonal frozen regions

Fine round gravel soil is widely employed in the subgrade of high speed railways in cold regions to prevent frost heaving and thawing. The lower the fines content in fine round gravel soil, the smaller the quantities of frost heaving and thawing, but compaction difficulty increases. This study is to obtain the optimum fines content and limited frost heaving and thawing. The fine round gravel soil filling (FRGSF) used in the Harbin-Qiqihaer Passenger Dedicated Line is taken as the study object. Influence of fines content on optimum water content, maximum dry density and frost heaving properties of FRGSF were studied by means of compaction and frost heaving tests. Results show that the maximum dry density of the FRGSF increases first and then decreases with an increase of fines content, namely there is an optimum fines content for easy compaction. The method of surface-vibratory instrument is fit for coarse-grained soils, and wet state of coarse-grained soil is in favor of compaction. Considering the relationship of fines content with maximum dry density and the frost heaving ratio of FRGSF, the fines content should be limited to within the range of 9%-10%, so that the frost heaving ratio is less than 1%, and the FRGSF is easily compacted. Water supply is proved to be an important factor influencing the amount of frost heaving of FRGSF. We also conclude that in the field, it is imperative to control waterproofing and drainage measures.     

提速列车荷载作用下铁路路基动力特性的研究

结合铁路提速现状,分析了既有线上运行最高时速200 km/h客车、120 km/h货车时路基的动力响应。首先,采用列车-轨道耦合动力学模型,计算轮轨间相互作用力,然后,通过非线性数值分析,研究不同列车编组和行车速度条件下路基的动力响应,包括路基横断面的动应力、位移和加速度的大小、分布规律、沿路基深度内的衰减,并探讨了路基参数与动力响应的关系,同时与既有线的部分实测结果进行对比分析。研究表明,列车速度提高对路基动力响应的影响有限,但轴重的影响很大;对既有线路基加固时,存在一个最佳的路基刚度值（120 MPa）;道床厚度增加,路基动应力线性减少,但路基动位移和加速度变化不明显。