Evidence on the Koseda coast of Yakushima Island of a tsunami during the 7.3 ka Kikai caldera eruption

Previous research indicates that Yakushima Island, southwestern Japan, may have been struck by a huge tsunami before or soon after the arrival of the Koya pyroclastic flow during the 7.3 ka caldera‐forming Kikai eruption, but this has not yet been confirmed. This paper describes sedimentological and chronostratigraphic evidence showing that Unit TG, one of three gravel beds exposed on the Koseda coast of northeast Yakushima Island and investigated here, is a tsunami deposit. Unit TG is a poorly sorted, 30 cm thick gravel bed overlying a wave‐cut bench and underlying a Koya pyroclastic flow deposit. Sparse wood fragments in Unit TG were dated at 7 416–7 167 cal year BP. The constituent gravel clasts of Unit TG are similar in composition to those of modern beach and river deposits along the Koseda coast. Unit TG also contains pumice clasts whose chemistry is identical to that of pumice derived from the 7.3 ka eruption at Kikai caldera. The long‐axis orientations and composition of gravel clasts in Unit TG suggest that they were transported by a landward‐travelling high‐particle‐concentration flow, which suggests that Unit TG was deposited by a tsunami run‐up flow during the 7.3 ka Kikai caldera eruption, just before the arrival of the major Koya pyroclastic flow at the Koseda coast. Whether the 7.3 ka tsunami was caused by a volcanic eruption or an earthquake remains unclear, but Unit TG demonstrates that a tsunami arrived immediately before emplacement of a Koya pyroclastic flow.     

副热带东北太平洋混合层深度及其对潜沉的影响

The present climate simulations of the mixed layer depth(MLD) and the subduction rate in the subtropical Northeast Pacific are investigated based on nine of the CMIP5 models. Compared with the observation data,spatial patterns of the MLD and the subduction rate are well simulated in these models. The spatial pattern of the MLD is nonuniform, with a local maximum MLD(140 m) region centered at(28°N, 135°W) in late winter. The nonuniform MLD pattern causes a strong MLD front on the south of the MLD maximum region, controls the lateral induction rate pattern, and then decides the nonuniform distribution of the subduction rate. Due to the inter-regional difference of the MLD, we divide this area into two regions. The relatively uniform Ekman pumping has little effect on the nonuniform subduction spatial pattern, though it is nearly equal to the lateral induction in values. In the south region, the northward warm Ekman advection(–1.75×10~(–7) K/s) controls the ocean horizontal temperature advection(–0.85×10~(–7) K/s), and prevents the deepening of the MLD. In the ensemble mean, the contribution of the ocean advection to the MLD is about –29.0 m/month, offsetting the sea surface net heat flux contribution(33.9 m/month). While in the north region, the southward cold advection deepens the MLD(21.4 m/month) as similar as the heat flux(30.4 m/month). In conclusion, the nonuniform MLD pattern is dominated by the nonuniform ocean horizontal temperature advection. This new finding indicates that the upper ocean current play an important role in the variability of the winter MLD and the subduction rate.     

日本南海海槽俯冲带的地质特征及其构造意义

日本西南部的南海海槽是一个典型的俯冲系统,由菲律宾海板块向欧亚板块俯冲形成,其俯冲板片包含了九州-帕劳洋脊（KPR）、Kinan海山链、四国海盆和伊豆-小笠原岛弧（IBA）等多种地质单元。为了研究不同地质单元的板块俯冲效应,本文系统分析了南海海槽的地球物理和岩石地球化学特征。重力和热流特征显示南海海槽中部具有低的重力异常（-20–-40 mGal）和高的热流值（60–200 mW/m²）,而东西两侧的热流值（20–80 mW/m²）较低。地震模拟结果显示俯冲板块的地壳厚度为5–20 km。地球化学结果表明俯冲板块的下覆地幔成分从西到东逐渐亏损。无震洋脊（如KPR、Kian海山链和Zenisu洋脊）的俯冲是控制南海海槽俯冲效应的主要因素。首先,无震洋脊的俯冲可能使上覆板块发生变形,沿着增生楔前缘出现不规则的地形凹陷。其次,无震洋脊的俯冲是大型逆冲地震的止裂体,阻碍了南海海槽1944年Mw 8.1和1946年Mw 8.3地震破裂的传播。此外,KPR和热的、年轻的四国海盆的俯冲会导致俯冲板片熔融,在日本岛弧上出现埃达克质岩浆活动,并为斑岩铜金矿床提供成矿物质。地球物理和地球化学特征的差异表明尽管IBA已经和日本岛弧发生碰撞,但作为IBA的残留弧,KPR仍然处于俯冲阶段,与日本岛弧之间有明显的地形分界,呈现单向收敛的状态。     

西藏桑耶寺西松卡村古新世石英闪长岩锆石U-Pb定年和Lu-Hf同位素组成及其构造意义

为解释冈底斯南缘中酸性岩体构造环境及物质来源等信息,以西藏桑耶寺西松卡村的石英闪长岩为研究对象,通过开展锆石U-Pb定年、Hf同位素组成、全岩地球化学分析与研究,结果表明:①松卡村石英闪长岩体的锆石U-Pb年龄为65.0 Ma±1.2 Ma;②松卡村石英闪长岩体具有富铝(16.97％～18.33％)的准铝质钙碱性系列岩...     

大陆俯冲隧道中的应变不均一分布：来自大别山超高压变质岩的记录

俯冲隧道是俯冲板片与上覆板块之间的剪切带,也是高压—超高压变质岩折返和深部流/熔体活动的通道。大别山超高压变质岩分布广泛,变形程度差异很大,是研究大陆俯冲隧道中岩石变质- 变形过程的理想地区。本文系统总结了前人对中大别双河地区超高压变质岩的岩石学和年代学研究成果,在双河地区开展了地质填图、应变分析和三维构造重建。通过将超高压变质岩的变形特征与P- T- t轨迹结合,识别出超高压变质岩折返过程中的三期韧性变形。在双河北部发现了一个上盘向NW剪切的千米尺度的榴辉岩相鞘褶皱,枢纽向SE倾伏,倾伏角约20°,与榴辉岩、片岩和长英质片麻岩的拉伸线理平行,表明超高压变质岩初始折返阶段的流体活动使榴辉岩的强度显著降低,榴辉岩与围岩一起发生韧性变形。该期变形被角闪岩相退变质阶段上盘向NW的剪切叠加,此时应变集中于片麻岩、片岩、大理岩等非能干层,强度较高的榴辉岩成为构造透镜体。而绿片岩相变质阶段上盘向SE方向的剪切与早白垩世北大别花岗片麻岩穹隆的形成有关。对双河南部弱变形花岗片麻岩的锆石U- Pb定年揭示了757±14 Ma的原岩年龄和 240~216 Ma的变质年龄,与双河北部含柯石英强变形花岗片麻岩类似,暗示其也经历了三叠纪超高压变质作用及随后的角闪岩相退变质作用。通过计算长英质片麻岩的有效黏度,发现无水碱长花岗片麻岩的有效黏度高于黑云斜长片麻岩,折返阶段的流体活动使超高压变质岩的强度显著降低,当局部的流体活动不足以弱化碱长花岗岩体时,应变集中于黑云斜长片麻岩。因此,大陆俯冲隧道中的应变分布受矿物组成、流体活动和岩体规模的共同影响。     

Reinterpretation of the northern South China Sea pre-Cenozoic basement and geodynamic implications of the South China continent: constraints from combined geological and geophysical records

The pre-Cenozoic northern South China Sea(SCS) Basin basement was supposed to exist as a complex of heterogeneous segments, divided by dozens of N-S faulting. Unfortunately, only the Hainan Island and the northeastern SCS region were modestly dated while the extensive basement remains roughly postulated by limited geophysical data. This study presents a systematic analysis including U-Pb geochronology, elemental geochemistry and petrographic identification on granite and meta-clastic borehole samples from several key areas. Constrained from gravity-magnetic joint inversion, this interpretation will be of great significance revealing the tectono-magmatic evolution along the southeastern margin of the Eurasian Plate. Beneath the thick Cenozoic sediments, the northern SCS is composed of a uniform Mesozoic basement while the Precambrian rocks are only constricted along the Red River Fault Zone. Further eastern part of the northern SCS below the Cenozoic succession was widely intruded by granites with Jurassic-to-early Cretaceous ages. Further western part, on the other hand, is represented by meta-sedimentary rocks with relatively sporadic granite complexes. To be noted,the western areas derived higher-degree and wider metamorphic zones, which is in contrast with the lowerdegree and narrower metamorphic belt developed in the eastern region. Drastic collisions between the Indochina Block and South China continent took place since at least late Triassic, resulting in large-scale suturing and deformation zones. At the westernmost part of the northern SCS, the intracontinental amalgamation with closure of the Meso-Tethys has caused fairly stronger and broader metamorphism. One metamorphic biotite granite is located on the suturing belt and yields a Precambrian U-Pb age. It likely represents the relict from the ancient Gondwana supercontinent or its fringes. Arc-continental collision between the Paleo-Pacific and the southeast China Block, on the other hand, results in a relatively narrow NE–SW trending metamorphic belt during the late Mesozoic. Within the overall geological setting, the Cenozoic SCS oceanic basin was subsequently generated from a series of rifting and faulting processes along the collisional-accretionary continental margin.     

Early Indosinian Weiya Gabbro in Eastern Tianshan, China： Elemental and Sr-Nd-O Isotopic Geochemistry, and Its Tectonic Implications

The Weiya gabbro in eastern Tianshan was formed during the early Indosinian. This rock, with low ratios of Ce/Pb （5.74-10.16）, is notably characterized by enrichment in large ion lithophile elements （LILE）, such as Rb, K, Ba and Pb, and in high field strength elements （HSFE）, such as U and Th, but depletion in Nb and Ta. All samples of the Weiya gabbro display similar chondrite-normalized patterns with moderate enrichment in LREE （72.58-135.61ppm）, moderate depletion in HREE （15.26-25.31ppm） and mild fractionation between LREE and HREE （L/ H=4.09-5.98）. The average initial Sr value of the rock is 0.7069, and δ18O values of the rock range from 5.67‰-8.04‰. In terms of Nd isotope ratios, the Weiya gabbro is characterized by positive eNd（t） values （0.52-0.76）. All these characteristics indicate that the source region of the Weiya gabbro was metasomatized by fluids released from subducted young continental crust, with limited crustal contamination during magma ascent and emplacement. Continental （A-type） subduction was induced by northward subduction of the Paleo-Tethyan oceanic plate during the latest Permian to Triassic. From this point of view, it is supposed that tectonic conversion from the Paleo-Asian to the Paleo-Tethys regime occurred during the latest Permian or earliest Triassic.     

新疆富蕴县苏普特一带双峰式火山岩的发现及其地质意义

新疆阿尔泰苏普特一带中泥盆统阿勒泰组为一套以玄武质岩石为主的双峰式火山岩组合,下部以变质玄武岩为主,夹少量流纹岩,中部以变质玄武岩、玄武质凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩为主,夹少量酸性火山岩及其碎屑岩,上部流纹质岩石有所增加。玄武质岩石往往变质为角闪片岩、绿帘阳起石片岩等,属拉斑玄武岩系列,低SiO2、K2O,高Ti,富Na、Rb、Ba、Th、U等,轻稀土略富集,无明显铕异常,Nb负异常明显,相似于MORB和岛弧型玄武岩的某些特征,与弧后盆地玄武岩的特征基本一致。流纹质岩石属钙碱性系列,高SiO2,低K2O,为钠质型;大离子亲石元素富集,具明显的Nb、P、Ti负异常和弱的Th正异常,Sr含量较低;稀土元素含量较高,∑REE为135.67×10-6～407.71×10-6,轻稀土略富集,(La/Yb)N为2.55～3.73,铕负异常较明显,δEu值为0.34～0.54。流纹质岩石地球化学特征也与典型弧后盆地双峰式火山岩中的流纹岩相似。结合区域资料分析,苏普特双峰式火山岩是阿尔泰南缘俯冲撕裂型裂谷盆地演化晚期局部形成的类似于弧后环境的产物。     

海南岛北西部邦溪地区奥陶纪火山-碎屑沉积岩岩石学、矿物学和地球化学:源区及构造环境暗示

海南岛奥陶纪火山-碎屑沉积岩矿物、地球化学成分与源区岩性质和沉积构造环境密切相关.岩相学观察和矿物化学分析表明,所研究的岩石主要碎屑矿物由石英、绿泥石(Si:5.8～6.2 a.p.f.u.、Mg/(Mg Fe):～0.45)和自色云母(Si:6.2～6.8 a.p.f.u.、Al:4.5～5.7 a.p.f.u.)组成,含少量的长石(主要为钾长石)、黑云母(Mg/(Mg Fe)=0.43、TiO2=0.01%)和磷灰石等矿物.地球化学特征上,这些岩石普遍具有高SiO2含量(Al2O3/SiO2=0.07～0.19)、相对高的K2O/Na2O比值(1.25～14.71)和高的FeOtotal MgO含量(普遍大于5%,最高达11.5%),但微量元素(含REE)含量普遍低于PAAS(NASC),且REE分布模式显示LREE富集((La/Yb)N=6.1～12.5)、Eu负异常或弱负异常(δEu=0.57～0.86).高的前交代CIA(～84)和PIA(～85)指数、A-CN-K分布模式以及可变的Th/U(2.9～25)比值还说明源区已经历强烈的化学和机械风化作用.低的Ce/Pb比值(2.1～2.8)则反映海南岛早古生代地壳已经历过Pb的富集事件.结合矿物化学成分和区域地质对比,研究区奥陶纪火山-碎屑沉积岩源区主要由变质的岩浆弧花岗闪长岩和弧长英质火山岩组成,少量的铁镁质成分不能排除,因而暗示一个从活动大陆边缘到被动大陆边缘的过渡性沉积构造环境.同时,推测海南岛在早古生代和晚古生代-早中生代可能分别存在一次俯冲增生-碰撞造山事件;海南岛(可能包括华夏地块)应于晚奥陶世后才脱离东冈瓦纳大陆的澳大利亚边缘.     

Volcanic history and tectonics of the Southwest Japan Arc

Abstract Remarkable changes in volcanism and tectonism have occurred in a synchronous manner since 1.5–2 Ma at the junction of the Southwest Japan Arc and the Ryukyu Arc. Although extensive volcanism occurred in Kyushu before 2 Ma, the subduction-related volcanism started at ca 1.5 Ma, forming a NE–SW trend volcanic front, preceded by significant changes in whole-rock chemistry and mode of eruptions at ca 2 Ma. The Median Tectonic Line has intensified dextral motion since 2 Ma, with a northward shift of its active trace of as much as 10 km, accompanied by the formation of rhomboidal basins in Central Kyushu. Crustal rotation and incipient rifting has also occurred in South Kyushu and the northern Okinawa Trough over the past 2 million years. We emphasize that the commencement age of these events coincides with that of the transition to the westward convergence of the Philippine Sea plate, which we interpret as a primary cause of these synchronous episodes. We assume that the shift in subduction direction led to an increase of fluid component contamination from subducted oceanic slab, which then produced island-arc type volcanism along the volcanic front. Accelerated trench retreat along the Ryukyu Trench may have caused rifting and crustal rotation in the northern Ryukyu Arc.