南羌塘增生过程的中-晚三叠世岩浆记录:藏北玛依岗日-角木日地区基性岩墙

古特提斯洋向北俯冲形成增生杂岩,它们向南增生构成了南羌塘增生地体,且增生期内发育的岩浆岩可以用来研究南羌塘的增生过程。在南羌塘增生杂岩带内,由北向南,发育有玛依岗日(MG)辉长岩墙、角木日(JM)辉长辉绿岩墙。锆石U-Pb测年结果显示,两者分别形成于237. 1±2. 3Ma和230. 7±1. 8Ma,为南羌塘增生期内岩浆岩。它们的岩石地球化学特征均介于OIB与E-MORB之间,富集Ti、Nb,以及LREE和LILE。Nd-Pb同位素结果显示两者均起源于富集地幔源区。Sm/YbLa/Yb图解显示,两者均起源于尖晶石-石榴石二辉橄榄岩源区,相对于JM辉长辉绿岩MG辉长岩部分熔融程度较高。两者Mg#和Ni、Cr特征表明,MG辉长岩分异程度高于JM辉长辉绿岩。Th/Nb-La/Nb图解显示,相对于JM辉长辉绿岩MG辉长岩经历了一定程度的地壳混染。综合研究认为,MG辉长岩和JM辉长辉绿岩为古特提斯洋壳俯冲过程中软流圈上涌的两次岩浆活动的产物,并受俯冲洋壳和地幔楔影响。MG辉长岩和JM辉长辉绿岩记录了南羌塘的增生过程,它们为相关研究提供了岩浆岩证据。     

长江下游宁镇地区晚中生代侵入岩：同位素年龄、地球化学特征与成因探讨

发育于长江中下游构造-岩浆-成矿带最东端宁镇地区的晚中生代中酸性-酸性侵入岩以富钠、高Sr和Ba、富集轻稀土元素,强烈亏损重稀土元素为特征,高场强元素Ti、Nb、Ta等表现出显著的负异常,岩石地球化学的总体特征类似于高Sr/Y的埃达克岩。但与长江中下游其他地区的高Sr/Y岩浆岩相比,宁镇地区的这些侵入岩体还表现出低的放射性成因Pb、更低的重稀土元素含量、相对高的MgO、Cr和Ni含量及Mg#值等特征,推测它们的形成过程是由(再)富集的上地幔物质部分熔融形成的岩浆与古老的大陆下地壳物质部分熔融形成的埃达克质岩浆混合,混合岩浆在演化过程中还经历过较强的矿物分离结晶作用以及一定程度的上地壳物质混染。该再富集事件的发生可能与俯冲的古太平洋板块部分熔融所析出的熔体(或流体)交代上覆的地幔楔有关,导致原已富集的陆下岩石圈地幔更进一步富集挥发分以及不相容元素,古老的富集地幔中所累积的放射性成因Sr、Nd同位素被"中和",该作用在长江中下游地区可能仅影响到最东段的宁镇地区,并没有波及到更靠内陆的其他地区。宁镇地区的这些埃达克岩侵位于100~108Ma的早白垩世末期,晚于长江中下游其他地区高Sr/Y岩体长达30Ma左右,其间存在着较长时间的岩浆活动静止期,意味着它们可能形成于不同的动力学背景。后者的形成可能与区内印支期—早燕山期陆内挤压造山后的应力松池,加厚的大陆下地壳及其富集的岩石圈地幔发生拆沉和部分熔融有关,这种发生在长江中下游广大地区的岩石圈减薄事件可能并没有波及到最东段的宁镇地区。而前者可能与早白垩世末期—晚白垩世初期,太平洋板块相对亚洲大陆板块运动方向发生了改变,中国东部大陆边缘进入拉张-裂解的构造环境有关,但其效应在长江中下游地区可能主要影响到了最东段的宁镇地区,其他地区对这次构造变动并没有产生明显的岩浆活动。     

胶东燕山期大型超大型金矿集区形成的壳幔结构探讨：来自致矿火成岩(组合)的约束

大型超大型金属矿床形成的深部物质组成和壳幔结构一直是地学研究中被关注的焦点和难点问题。胶东地区发育很多(燕山期)的大型超大型的金矿,是我国著名的金矿集区。本文基于板块构造理论,通过揭示区域火成岩、致矿火成岩组合及其特征,探讨金矿发育时的深部物质组成和壳幔结构。区域上成矿前的侵入岩组合为含少量英云闪长岩+奥长花岗岩(TT)的花岗闪长岩+花岗岩(G1G2)组合;区域上发育的青山群为含有高镁安山岩(HMA)和镁安山岩(MA)的玄武安山岩安山岩英安岩流纹岩以及粗安岩玄粗岩粗面岩组合;矿集区的致矿火成岩组合为含有高Mg闪长岩类(HMgδ)+Mg闪长岩类(Mgδ)的宽谱系岩墙群(WSDS),岩性从基性到酸性均有。上述火成岩组合,以及TTG1、HMA与MA系列火山岩、HMgδ和Mgδ的存在,指示弧火成岩的组合,其各种岩石地球化学特征亦具有弧的特征,因此,上述火成岩及金矿形成于洋俯冲环境,具有俯冲带的壳幔结构和物质组成。各种不同的火成岩指示其可能分别来源于俯冲带不同部位的局部熔融,指示洋壳、上覆地幔楔以及上覆陆壳具有异常热的壳幔结构,即热的洋壳、热的上覆地幔(软流圈)、热的陆壳。致矿火成岩事件、成矿事件均在大规模的壳源(或壳幔)侵入岩浆活动之后。     

Metavolcanic host rocks,mineralization, and gossans of the Shaib al Tair and Rabathan volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits of the Wadi Bidah Mineral District,Saudi Arabia

The Wadi Bidah Mineral District of Saudi Arabia contains more than 16 small outcropping stratabound volcanogenic Cu–Zn–(Pb) ± Au-bearing massive sulphide deposits and associated zones of hydrothermal alteration. Here, we use major and trace element analyses of massive sulphides, gossans, and hydrothermally altered and least altered metamorphosed host rock (schist) from two of the deposits (Shaib al Tair and Rabathan) to interpret the geochemical and petrological evolution of the host rocks and gossanization of the mineralization. Tectonic interpretations utilize high-field-strength elements, including the rare earth elements (REE), because they are relatively immobile during hydrothermal alteration, low-grade metamorphism, and supergene weathering and therefore are useful in constraining the source, composition, and physicochemical parameters of the primary igneous rocks, the mineralizing hydrothermal fluid and subsequent supergene weathering processes. Positive Eu anomalies in some of the massive sulphide samples are consistent with a high temperature (>250°C) hydrothermal origin, consistent with the Cu contents (up to 2 wt.%) of the massive sulphides. The REE profiles of the gossans are topologically similar to nearby hydrothermally altered felsic schists (light REE (LREE)-enriched to concave-up REE profiles, with or without positive Eu anomalies) suggesting that the REE experienced little fractionation during metamorphism or supergene weathering. Hydrothermally altered rocks (now schists) close to the massive sulphide deposits have high base metals and Ba contents and have concave-up REE patterns, in contrast to the least altered host rocks, consistent with greater mobility of the middle REE compared to the light and heavy REE during hydrothermal alteration. The gossans are interpreted to represent relict massive sulphides that have undergone supergene weathering; ‘chert’ beds within these massive sulphide deposits may be leached wall-rock gossans that experienced silicification and Pb–Ba–Fe enrichment from acidic groundwaters generated during gossan formation.     

Early Cretaceous high-Mg adakites associated with Cu-Au mineralization in the Cebu Island,Central Philippines: Implication for partial melting of the paleo-Pacific Plate

Early Cretaceous arc volcanic rocks, diorite intrusions and an associated large porphyry deposit occur in the Cebu Island, Central Philippines. In this paper, we studied the diorite porphyries associated with Cu-Au mineralization in the Kansi region, where Early Cretaceous arc volcanic rocks are widely distributed. Zircon U-Pb age reveals that the diorites were formed at ca. 110 Ma, close to the formation age of Lutopan diorites in the famous Atlas porphyry Cu-Au deposit (109–101 Ma), and younger than those of the arc volcanics in this region (126–118 Ma). The Kansi diorites and Lutopan diorites are both calc-alkaline high-Mg adakites with high Sr/Y ratios. Their major elements define similar variation trends in Harker diagrams, suggesting that they were probably generated from a uniform source but experienced different degree of partial melting or fractional crystallization. The Kansi diorites are characterized by LREE enrichment, HREE depletion, no Eu negative anomaly, with enrichment of Pb, Sr, Zr and Hf and depletion of Nb, Ta, and Ti. They are probably generated by the partial melting of subducted oceanic crust, followed by a certain degree of mantle interaction and crustal contamination. The highly depleted Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes of the Kansi diorites are close to the Amami Plateau basalt and tonalite, indicating the dominance of a Pacific-type MORB in the source. The Cu-Au mineralization-related Kansi diorites are characterized by high oxygen fugacities more than ΔFMQ +2, indicating quite a good potential for porphyry Cu-Au mineralization in the region. Finally, in our tectonic model, the successive generation of arc volcanic rocks and adakites in the Cebu Island are responses to the subduction and rollback of the paleo-Pacific Plate to the proto-Philippine Sea Plate (PSP) in the Early Cretaceous.     

原特提斯洋俯冲起始——来自北祁连早寒武世弧前岩浆作用的新证据

形成于弧前背景的岩浆岩可能记录了俯冲起始的重要证据。本文以北祁连走廊南山蛇绿混杂岩带新识别出的富铌辉长岩和斜长花岗岩为研究对象,在野外观察的基础上,结合岩石学、地球化学、同位素地球化学和年代学的综合研究,对原特提斯洋初始俯冲的时间进行约束,并探讨其形成过程及构造意义。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示富铌辉长岩样品锆石加权平均²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄为512±4 Ma;两个斜长花岗岩样品的锆石加权平均²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U年龄分别为522±3 Ma和519±1 Ma。全岩地球化学结果显示富铌辉长岩的Nb含量为7.49×10^-6～10.80×10^-6,TiO₂含量为1.50%～2.08%,Nb/U值为11.9～13.4,(Nb/La)_N>0.5,明显高于岛弧玄武岩,其εNd(t)值介于+4.38～+5.78之间。斜长花岗岩样品K₂O含量(0.31%～1.66%)和K₂O/Na<...     

西太平洋若干沟-弧-盆体系及板内岩浆成因研究进展

板块俯冲和板内岩浆作用都是导致地表和地球内部物质大规模循环的重要地质过程。但是,两个地质过程的岩浆成因机制,以及成因上的内在联系都存在很大争议。西太平洋是全球沟-弧-盆体系最发育的地区,也是全球板内火山作用(海山和洋底高原)分布最集中的场所。为阐明西太平洋海盆的上地幔软流圈性质、岛弧岩浆形成的控制机制、以及板块内部火山作用(碱性火山岩)的成因机制,在中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(A类)"热带西太平洋海洋系统物质能量交换及其影响"项目的资助下,本文对西太平洋马里亚纳-雅浦俯冲系统、汤加-科玛迪克俯冲带及其俯冲前缘海盆的成因机制、南中国海扩张期海盆玄武岩和板内火山作用、西太平洋海盆上地幔的Dupal异常分布和成因机制等展开了系统的岩石学和地球化学研究,并取得了新的科学认识和成果。主要认识包括:(1)雅浦岛弧主要由变质岩-角闪岩组成,其形成于3—6Kbar温压条件下,代表岛弧下部来自帕里西维拉海盆的变质基底;(2)加洛林洋脊主要由玄武岩组成,其不是一个岛弧,而可能是一个地幔柱形成的洋底高原;(3)汤加-科玛迪克岛弧岩浆组成体现了西南太平洋俯冲板片俯冲速率的直接影响;(4)厘定了汤加-科玛迪克俯冲前缘板块的年龄(103.7Ma),并认识到其代表古太平洋扩张中心并消耗了Ontong Java超级地幔柱的组分;(5)首次在南海发现了碳酸盐化的硅酸岩岩浆向碱性玄武岩转化的现象,提出了板内碱性玄武岩成因的新链条;(6)西太平洋海盆的地幔广泛存在Dupal异常,该异常从西太平洋岛弧俯冲带一直延伸至南海海盆,其中南海海盆的Dupal异常主要受到大陆裂解和海南地幔柱作用的双重影响。通过以上认识,进一步揭示了西太平洋沟-弧-盆体系和板内岩浆体系作用机制,以及俯冲板片物质与板内火山活动之间的成因关联,这对于深刻理解板块构造导致的地球内外物质循环规律有一定的推动作用。     

俯冲带耦合作用对苏门答腊地区应变场影响的三维数值模拟

采用有限元方法模拟了俯冲带耦合作用对巽他弧及其邻区的影响.根据模拟结果,对比GPS、地震和地质学观测数据,定量分析了苏门答腊及其周边地区的应变强度和主应变方向的分布特征,据此探讨了该区构造特征、地震发生模式与耦合面积之间的关系.模型由具有黏弹性性质的岩石圈和软流圈上地幔组成,其中岩石圈包括了大陆岩石圈和大洋岩石圈以及俯冲至上地幔中的俯冲板片.研究结果如下:(1) 通过对不同俯冲带耦合面积模拟,发现苏门答腊前弧伴随耦合面积的增加应变强度逐渐增大,而增大的应变强度又影响了其周边地区的应变分布特征,因此整个苏门答腊前弧呈现出明显的分段性,这与该区地震破裂模式有较好的对应.(2)苏门答腊北部地区主应变方向与南部相比存在一定的差异,该差异是俯冲带的俯冲方向、俯冲速度、俯冲形态以及不同区域间耦合面积共同作用的结果.(3)虽然苏门答腊2004年地震主震区处于弱耦合状态,但从本文模拟的结果中可以看到,在俯冲作用下该区依然存在垂直向下的位移,这为地震激发海啸提供了有利的构造环境.     

南海东北部构造及块体运动指向的地震相响应(英文)

南海的构造与演化与资源环境等关系密切是本文研究重点。本文针对南海的东北部构造及其块体构造方向,利用所采集的区域地震剖面,通过解析地震相与构造及其演化的关系,提出以下观点:(1)构造分区特点明晰,可划分为五个不同构造单元,构造单元之间既有联系又相互独立;(2)南海沉积盆地无论表现为拉张-弱挤压-强挤压的何种构造格局,其区域构造应力场是统一的;(3)首次发现反射地震剖面上显示出两个浅俯冲点。每个块体构造层呈手风琴风箱式折曲并向东聚敛,体现沉积盆地从发育、成长、结束、消亡不同阶段在南海的表现,其块体俯冲方向以及块体包络区域性倾伏方向均与区域应力场方向一致。     

Deformation and seismic anisotropy of the lithospheric mantle in the southeastern Carpathians inferred from the study of mantle xenoliths

Peridotite xenoliths with a broad range of textures provides evidence for consistent microstructural evolution in a vertical transect of the shallow lithospheric mantle (35–55 km depth) beneath the Persani Mountains, SE Carpathians, Romania, due to ongoing plate convergence in the Carpathian Arc nearby. The recrystallized grain size, crystal preferred orientations strength, and resulting seismic anisotropy vary continuously and display a strong correlation to equilibrium temperatures, suggesting a continuous change in deformation conditions with depth. The shallowmost xenoliths have microstructures typical of high stress deformation, marked by strong recrystallization to fine grain sizes, which results in weak crystal preferred orientations and anisotropy. The deepest xenoliths have coarse-grained porphyroclastic microstructures and strong crystal preferred orientations. Replacive orthopyroxene structures, consuming olivine, and high H₂O concentrations in the pyroxenes are observed in some xenoliths indicating limited percolation of fluids or volatile-rich melts. Despite the high stress deformation and high H₂O contents in some of the studied xenoliths, analysis of olivine crystallographic orientations indicates that [100] slip systems, rather than “wet” [001] accommodate most of the deformation in all samples. Seismic anisotropy estimated from the measured olivine and pyroxene crystal preferred orientations suggests that the strike-parallel fast SKS polarization directions and ~ 1 s delay times measured in the SE Carpathians are likely the consequence of convergence-driven belt-parallel flow in the lithospheric mantle.