试论板缘仰冲作用及其对板内构造的影响

板块学说发展史上存在着造山作用的仰冲和俯冲两种成因观点。俯冲说难以解释中脊俯冲、板缘构造、板内变形及海沟构造。仰冲说认为板块会聚边缘处在两个相向运动着的对流系交会带。根据板缘构造平、剖面特点,结合威尔逊旋回、板块运动史、地壳结构等分析,大陆仰冲板块是在克服属弱对流系一方的洋板块的抵抗,迫使贝尼奥夫带不断向洋退却过程中向前推进.而造成各种板缘和板内构造的变形机制的。据此,提出一个断续仰冲模式以代替传统的连续俯冲模式。用仰冲观点分析了形成板内变形的内、外条件和常见的变形型式。还试用板内仰冲作用来解释华南加里东期构造特点与钦州地槽之谜。     

The Alpine Rif Belt (Morocco): A Case of Mountain Building in a Subduction-Subduction-Transform Fault Triple Junction

—The Rif belt forms with the Betic Cordilleras an asymmetric arcuate mountain belt (Gibraltar Arc) around the Alboran Sea, at the western tip of the Alpine orogen. The Gibraltar Arc consists of an exotic terrane (Alboran Terrane) thrust over the African and Iberian margins. The Alboran Terrane itself includes stacked nappes which originate from an easterly, Alboran-Kabylias-Peloritani-Calabria (Alkapeca) continental domain, and displays Variscan low-grade and high-grade schists (Ghomarides-Malaguides and Sebtides-Alpujarrides, respectively), shallow water Mesozoic sediments (mainly in the Dorsale Calcaire passive margin units), and infracontinental peridotite slices (Beni Bousera, Ronda). During the Late Cretaceous?-Eocene, the Alboran Terrane was likely located south of a SE-dipping Alpine-Betic subduction (cf. Nevado-Filabride HP-LT metamorphism of central-eastern Betics). An incipient collision against Iberia triggered back-thrust tectonics south of the deformed terrane during the Late Eocene-Oligocene, and the onset of the NW-dipping Apenninic-Maghrebian subduction. The early, HP-LT phase of the Sebtide-Alpujarride metamorphism could be hypothetically referred to the Alpine-Betic subduction, or alternatively to the Apenninic-Maghrebian subduction, depending on the interpretation of the geochronologic data set. Both subduction zones merged during the Early Miocene west of the Alboran Terrane and formed a triple junction with the Azores-Gibraltar transform fault. A westward roll back of the N-trending subduction segment was responsible for the Neogene rifting of the internal Alboran Terrane, and for its coeval, oblique docking onto the African and Iberian margins. Seismic evidence of active E-dipping subduction, and opposite paleomagnetic rotations in the Rif and Betic limbs of the Gibraltar Arc support this structurally-based scenario.     

A model with rigid rotations and slip deficits for the GPS-derived velocity field in Southwest Japan

We interpret the GPS-derived velocity field in southwest Japan by a superposition of the elastic deformation caused by fault interactions (slips or slip deficits) on the rigid motion of tectonic blocks (or plates). Based on the strain rate field and crustal seismicity, we apply a model with three blocks (Inner Arc, Outer Arc, and the northern Ryukyu block) and slip deficits along the block boundaries.Several characteristics of the synthesized contributions are found:

(1) Westward motion of the outer arc relative to the Amurian plate and the inner arc,

(2) southeastward motion of the northern Ryukyu block relative to the Amurian plate,

(3) 2−4 mm/yr deficits of left lateral slip rates along the boundary at 32°N in southern Kyushu,

(4) 0−8 mm/yr deficits of right lateral slip rates along the Median Tectonic Line and the Beppu-Shimabara Graben,

(5) slip deficit rates on the plate interface smaller than those in the case without any consideration for rigid block motions,

(6) clockwise deflection of slip deficit rate vector on the plate interface from that estimated when not taking rigid block motions into consideration.

Estimating economic losses of midrise reinforced concrete shear wall buildings in sedimentary basins by combining empirical and simulated seismic hazard characterizations

Studies of recorded ground motions and simulations have shown that deep sedimentary basins can greatly increase the intensity of earthquake ground motions within a period range of approximately 1–4 s, but the economic impacts of basin effects are uncertain. This paper estimates key economic indicators of seismic performance, expressed in terms of earthquake‐induced repair costs, using empirical and simulated seismic hazard characterizations that account for the effects of basins. The methodology used is general, but the estimates are made for a series of eight‐ to 24‐story residential reinforced concrete shear wall archetype buildings in Seattle, WA, whose design neglects basin effects. All buildings are designed to comply with code‐minimum requirements (i.e., reference archetypes), as well as a series of design enhancements, which include (a) increasing design forces, (b) decreasing drift limits, and (c) a combination of these strategies. As an additional reference point, a performance‐based design is also assessed. The performance of the archetype buildings is evaluated for the seismic hazard level in Seattle according to the 2018 National Seismic Hazard Model (2018 NSHM), which explicitly considers basin effects. Inclusion of basin effects results in an average threefold increase in annualized losses for all archetypes. Incorporating physics‐based ground motion simulations to represent the large‐magnitude Cascadia subduction interface earthquake contribution to the hazard results in a further increase of 22% relative to the 2018 NSHM. The most effective of the design strategies considered combines a 25% increase in strength with a reduction in drift limits to 1.5%.     

Two-dimensional Numerical Modeling Research on Continent Subduction Dynamics

Continent subduction is one of the hot research problems in geoscience. New models presented here have been set up and two-dimensional numerical modeling research on the possibility of continental subduction has been made with the finite element software, ANSYS, based on documentary evidence and reasonable assumptions that the subduction of oceanic crust has occurred, the subduction of continental crust can take place and the process can be simplified to a discontinuous plane strain theory model. The modeling results show that it is completely possible for continental crust to be subducted to a depth of 120 km under certain circumstances and conditions. At the same time, the simulations of continental subduction under a single dynamical factor have also been made, including the pull force of the subducted oceanic lithosphere, the drag force connected with mantle convection and the push force of the mid-ocean ridge. These experiments show that the drag force connected with mantle convection is critical fo     

岩石圈—软流圈物质循环促进大陆增生的新方式

大陆动力学研究地球内能量和物质的运动和伴随的信息传播,上地幔中的软流圈是地球内部的物质运动的关键部位之一。由于观测的技术方法少,人类对软流圈内部的地质作用过程所知甚少。在青藏高原,过去地震波三维层析成像的分辨率不高,难以对地壳上地幔构造进行准确的定位。我们收集和整理了地方地震台的数字化观测数据,使地震体波三维层析成像的准确度大大提高,为解决软流圈的地质构造准确成像提供了新的可能性。根据地震体波三维层析的成像结果,在古特提斯洋和特提斯洋俯冲板块前沿的软流圈底部410 km间断面上方,存在反映古大洋俯冲板块的高速体,它们在青藏高原、苏鲁和伊朗都有出现。清晰和稳定的高波速异常的位置表明,特提斯洋俯冲板块现在已经拆沉在软流圈的底部,古特提斯洋俯冲板块也可能曾经拆沉在软流圈的底部。对比青藏高原和苏鲁的地壳上地幔波速结构推测,拆沉造成软流圈中的轻元素物质上涌,进入大陆岩石圈,造成岩浆活动。上涌还使碰撞造山带地壳厚度减小,而岩石圈厚度增加。大约100 Ma后,俯冲下去的大洋残块会被软流圈物质磨蚀交代,使岩石圈厚度增加, 形成大陆下方的大陆根,造成大陆克拉通化和体积增生。大洋板块俯冲后在软流圈拆沉是岩石圈—软流圈物质循环的一种重要方式,对软流圈中物质均衡和体积稳定也起重要作用。     

西藏班公湖-怒江缝合带中段侏罗纪高镁安山质岩石对中特提斯洋演化的制约

班公湖-怒江缝合带中段地区南北向分布了三条分支蛇绿岩亚带,它们记录了该地区中特提斯洋复杂的构造演化过程。目前对于该地区洋盆俯冲消减动力学过程一直缺乏有效制约。为探讨这一问题,本文对班公湖-怒江缝合带中段新近厘定的安山岩和闪长岩开展了系统的野外、岩石地球化学和锆石U-Pb年代学研究。安山岩主要呈不整合覆盖于晚三叠世沉积地层之上,或与侏罗纪俯冲增生杂岩和橄榄岩以断层接触,闪长岩主要呈岩脉体侵入于橄榄岩中。锆石U-Pb定年表明,安山岩和闪长岩均形成于中晚侏罗世(165～161Ma)。安山岩和闪长岩地球化学组成类似,它们大都具有高的MgO含量和Mg#值,这与高镁安山岩相类似。稀土和微量元素组成显示出典型的岛弧岩浆岩特征,富集轻稀土(LREE)和Rb、Th、U、Pb等元素,亏损Ba和高场强元素(HFSE; Nb,Ta和Ti)。同时,样品还显示出较低的Ba/Th和较高的(La/Sm)N比值,以及负的锆石εHf(t)值和古老的锆石Hf模式年龄。这些特征表明这些高镁安山岩和闪长岩是大洋板片俯冲沉积物部分熔融的熔体交代地幔楔的产物。结合区域地质和前人研究,认为这些岩石可能形成于靠近海沟的大陆边缘环境,是班公湖-怒江中特提斯洋中段北拉-拉弄分支洋盆初始俯冲消减的产物,该初始俯冲作用可能与安多微陆块和南羌塘地块碰撞导致的俯冲南向跃迁有关。     

Growth and provenance of a Paleozoic subduction complex in the Broken River Province,Mossman Orogen: evidence from detrital zircon ages

A Paleozoic subduction complex dominates the Mossman Orogen developed at the northern extremity of the Tasmanides, eastern Australia. Its southern part, displayed in the Broken River Province, is characterised by dismembered ocean-plate stratigraphy in which turbidite-dominated packages and widespread tectonic mélange development are characteristic. The Broken River complex is characterised by formations with quartzose sandstone alternating with those largely formed of sandstone of more labile character. The two compositional groups are considered to reflect separate, age-significant sedimentary regimes, but their ages have hitherto been poorly constrained. With the use of 1082 concordant detrital zircon ages from 13 samples we provide age control for the complex and track its sedimentary provenance. Of quartzose units, the Tribute Hills Arenite and Pelican Range Formation are late Cambrian–Early Ordovician, and the Wairuna Formation is Middle to Late Ordovician, in age. The more labile units (Greenvale, Perry Creek and Kangaroo Hills formations) are collectively of late Silurian–mid-Devonian age. Development of the complex spanned some 130 Myr. Continent-derived sediment involved in accretion of much the complex, from mid-Ordovician to mid-Devonian, was largely sourced from a nearby magmatic arc of late Cambrian–Devonian age, now represented by granitoid plutons of the Macrossan and Pama igneous associations. An older far-field Pacific-Gondwana sediment source is characteristic of early-phase (late Cambrian–Early Ordovician) accretion, in common with sedimentary units of this age generally developed in the Tasmanides. We consider the complex to have grown largely by underplating that positioned younger components beneath those that are older, with out-of-sequence thrust interleaving of these components occurring late in the accretionary history. A Late Devonian contractional folding and cleavage development (Tabberabberan orogenesis) is uniformly expressed across the entire complex and reflects an abrupt change in plate engagement with imposition of a compressional stress regime.     

云南腾冲全新世火山岩岩浆演化和岩石成因

腾冲火山岩区是我国全新世以来记载火山喷发的少数地区之一,该地区岩浆作用的性质与成因是揭示青藏高原东缘的现今侧向生长过程与深部作用的重要依据。本文对腾冲火山岩区的马鞍山、黑空山、打鹰山全新世火山岩开展了矿物化学和岩石地球化学研究,以期揭示岩石成因和深部动力学过程。腾冲全新世火山岩主体岩性为高钾钙碱性系列的玄武粗安岩和粗安岩。岩石的Ca O、Fe_2O_3~T、Ti O_2与Si O_2负相关,而K_2O与Si O_2正相关,表明岩浆演化过程中可能存在橄榄石、辉石和斜长石的分离结晶作用。岩石中存在酸性斜长石(更长石,An=28)大颗粒捕掳晶,其边部发育了基性斜长石(拉长石,An=65)增生边;在大颗粒石英捕掳晶的边部发育了辉石的反应边,这些结构表明在岩浆上升到地壳浅部时,曾受到了花岗岩围岩的混染,但岩石的Th/Nb值均小于1.16,表明地壳混染总体不显著。腾冲全新世火山岩大离子亲石元素富集、高场强元素相对亏损,高Th/U、低Ba/La,富集Sr-Nd同位素,其岩浆源区应为经历过洋壳沉积物交代后的富集地幔。腾冲火山岩属于大陆板内环境,是印度与亚洲大陆碰撞后岩浆作用的产物。火山岩是沿着腾冲盆地南北向展布,且熔岩分布面积有限。由于高原侧向生长过程中的区域性走滑断裂会引起局部的伸展,腾冲火山岩产出可能与富集岩石圈地幔的减压熔融有关。     

青藏高原申扎-双湖剖面岩石圈电性结构特征及其含义

为了研究班公湖-怒江缝合带的壳幔电性结构及构造特征,并为其俯冲极性提供电性约束,对青藏高原中部申扎-双湖大地电磁测深剖面进行全面数据处理分析,获得了可靠的二维电性结构模型,研究表明:沿剖面上地壳分布的是规模不等的高阻体,底面埋深在10~25 km变化,高阻层之下发现由不连续的高导体构成的中下地壳高导层.通过对电性结构的分析,认为班公湖-怒江特提斯洋的俯冲消亡极性可能是双向的,随后拉萨-羌塘地体碰撞带处的上地壳高阻体发生拆沉,以上两次动力学事件可能共同作用于缝合带处的壳幔高导体,同时北拉萨地体的壳幔高导体还可能体现了构造作用、岩浆活动和成矿作用之间的关系.