Syntheses of the regional stress fields of the Japanese islands

The principal stresses in northern Honshu and in central-southwest Japan are synthesized on the basis of the ridge push, slab pull and across-arc variation of differential forces due to crust/plate structural variation. Assuming a more compressive north–south horizontal stress in central Japan-northern Honshu than that of southwest Japan, the calculated principal stress profiles explain the observed stress fields in these areas: namely, a strike–slip fault type for southwest-central Japan and a reverse fault type for northern Honshu, both having east–west σ_Hmax. Kyushu is characterized by the gradient of horizontal stresses both in the east–west and north–south directions, which cannot be explained by simple plate interactions or by crust/plate structural variation. Combined with other lines of evidence for existence of mantle upwelling in the East China Sea west of Kyushu, it is proposed that the stress gradient is produced by the viscous drag exerted by the flow spread laterally from the upwelling plume. The eastward movement of Kyushu and southwest Japan relative to Eurasia revealed by the recent Global Positioning System measurements conducted by the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan would be partly explained by this basal drag.     

密肋壁板结构宏观模型及非线性时程反应分析

采用SAP程序中的Link单元进行了密肋壁板结构非线性时程反应分析。推导了Link单元的刚度矩阵,确定了相对转动中心高度。并结合钢筋混凝土柱轴向恢复力模型和密肋复合墙体水平抗侧恢复力模型,给出了Link单元竖向和水平连接弹簧非线性力-位移关系的计算公式。采用Link单元建立了密肋壁板结构宏观有限元分析模型,并对1/10比例振动台模型试验进行了非线性时程反应分析。结果表明:计算结果与试验结果吻合良好,这说明采用Link单元可以较好的模拟密肋壁板结构的动力非线性行为。     

高速移动载荷作用下板式轨道-软岩路基系统的动力特性分析

运用D’Alembert原理和能量弱变分,建立了板式轨道-软岩路基系统半空间垂向耦合的动力计算模型,研究了高速铁路板式轨道-软岩路基系统的动态响应特征,获得了基床面上和软岩路堤面上各种动态响应值,将其作为确定基床厚度和基床表层厚度的前提依据,以指导无碴轨道路基结构的设计与施工。通过室内试验,对软岩及软岩填料的一般路用性能进行了研究,用其来判断软岩能否作为高速铁路无碴轨道基床以下部分填料的必要条件。     

滚石冲击荷载下棚洞钢筋混凝土板动力响应研究

我国西部地区地势复杂,高山峡谷众多,特殊的地质地貌发育了大量滚石山地灾害,严重威胁山区人民的安全。一般认为,采用棚洞结构进行滚石灾害防治是最为有效的工程措施,然而,滚石对棚洞的冲击是一个复杂的动力过程,尤其表现在滚石与棚洞顶板的瞬态接触过程中。而目前国内外对此缺乏合理的计算方法,严重制约滚石棚洞结构的工程应用。为此,结合Olsson为求解正交各向异性复合板冲击问题所提出的动力控制方程,针对目前接触准则给出的接触定律与实际往往不符所带来的缺陷,通过引入数值压痕试验手段,提出了一种滚石冲击钢筋混凝土（RC）板动力响应问题的理论方法。结合算例,将该方法与Herzt理论解、动力有限元解进行了比较,结果表明：Herzt弹性理论解未考虑结构塑性变形影响,导致滚石冲击力偏大;而该方法得到的理论解与动力有限元计算结果较为接近。该方法不仅可用于滚石冲击荷载下棚洞RC板动力响应分析,同时为压痕试验在土木工程中的应用提供了一种有效的数值分析方法。     

The transition from Alboran to Algerian basins (Western Mediterranean Sea): Chronostratigraphy,deep crustal structure and tectonic evolution at the rear of a narrow slab rollback system

The eastern Alboran basin and its transition to the Algerian basin is a key area in the Mediterranean realm where controversial kinematic and geodynamical models are proposed. Models imply striking differences regarding the nature of the crust, the prevalence of brittle faulting and ductile shear, the origin of magmatism, the style of Miocene deformation and the driving mechanisms of the Alboran plate kinematics. Combining a new chronostratigraphic chart of the Alboran and Algerian basins based on the Habibas (HBB-1) core drill, deep seismic sections striking WSW-ENE and SSE-NNW, and potential field data, we re-assess the tectonic evolution that controlled the sedimentation and basement deformation of the westernmost limit of the Algerian basin and its transition with the Alboran domain. A WSW-directed extensional tectonic phase has shaped a stretched continental crust with typical tilted blocks along ∼100 km from Burdigalian to Tortonian times, which is assumed to result from the WSW-directed migration of the Alboran block driven by a narrow slab rollback. In the Algerian basin, this event was followed by the emplacement of an oceanic-type crust. Potential field signatures of the deep basin as well as geometrical correlations with onland outcrops of inner zones suggest a minimum WSW-directed displacement of the Alboran terrane of ∼200 km. At the southern foot of the Algerian basin, the continent-ocean transition is sharp and may result from the westward propagation of a slab tear at depth, forming two segments of STEP (Subduction-Transform Edge Propagator) margins. Our results support models of intense shear tractions at the base of an overriding plate governed by slab rollback-induced mantle flow. Finally, Messinian salt tectonics affected overlying deposits until today. A late Tortonian to Quaternary dominantly transpressive tectonic episode linked to the Africa-Iberia convergence post-dates previous events, deforming the whole margin.     

东亚大陆新生代构造演化

东亚大陆的新生代构造演化受两大地球动力系统所控制:印度-欧亚板块的碰撞及陆内汇聚体系、西太平洋-印度尼西亚板块俯冲消减体系。从晚白垩纪到古新世期间,温暖宽阔的新特提斯洋分割着欧亚大陆和印度次大陆,并且向北俯冲消减于欧亚板块之下。与此同时,太平洋板块继续向西俯冲消减于欧亚板块之下,随着俯冲速率的大幅度降低,俯冲边界发生海沟后撤(trench rollback),使得欧亚大陆东边界开始形成一系列NNE走向的弧后拉张盆地。尽管印度与欧亚大陆碰撞的起始时间仍有争议,但至少强烈碰撞发生在距今45~55Ma期间。陆-陆碰撞及印度板块持续的楔入作用导致了新特提斯海的退出,青藏高原南部和中部的地壳增厚,并隆起形成"原青藏高原"。碰撞及其强烈的楔入作用还导致了青藏高原南部岩石圈块体向SE方向的大规模挤出。青藏高原南部块体的挤出时间与西太平洋-印度尼西亚海洋俯冲消减带的加速后撤是一致的,表现为沿消减带上盘弧后盆地的快速拉张和裂陷,构成具有成因联系的"源-汇关系"。距今20~30Ma期间,随着青藏高原大规模南东挤出的减弱,碰撞和楔入引起了向NE方向挤压的增强,导致了青藏高原本身向S和向NE方向的扩展。构造变形向南迁移到主边界逆冲推覆带,向北扩展到昆仑山断裂,造成柴达木盆地、河西走廊、陇西盆地开始接受最初的新生代沉积,形成青藏高原东北缘的大规模晚新生代沉积盆地群。西太平洋-印度尼西亚板块的海沟后撤大幅度减速或停止,直接导致了日本海扩张的停止,华北盆地裂陷期终止,进入整体热下沉阶段。大约距今10Ma以来,青藏高原内部的高海拔地区晚中新世以来开始出现近SN向的拉张,形成一系列SN向裂谷以及NW向右旋和NE向左旋的共轭走滑断裂系。与此同时,青藏高原向周边生长扩展,祁连山快速隆起形成高原北边界,龙门山也第2次加速隆升,与四川盆地形成近4 000m的地貌高差。在东部,沿西太平洋-印度尼西亚板块俯冲消减带的运动开始加速,不仅弧后拉张作用停止,一些早新生代的拉张盆地还发生反转而遭受到挤压缩短作用。     

Slab melt as metasomatic agent in island arc magma mantle sources, Negros and Batan (Philippines)

Abstract Two new cases of association of adakites with ‘normal’ island arc lavas and transitional adakites are recognized in the islands of Batan and Negros in northern and central Philippines, respectively. The Batan lavas are related to the subduction of the middle Miocene portion of the South China Sea basin along the Manila trench; those of Negros come from the almost aseismic subduction of the middle Miocene Sulu Sea crust along the Negros trench. The occurrence of the Batan adakites is consistent with previous findings showing adakitic glass inclusions within minerals of mantle xenoliths associated with Batan arc lavas. The similarity of adakite ages (1.09 Ma) and that of the metasomatized xenoliths (1 Ma) suggests that both are linked to the same slab‐melting and metasomatic event. Earlier Sr, Pb and Nd‐isotopic studies, however, also reveal the presence of an important sediment contribution to the Batan lava geochemistry. Thus, the role played by slab melts, assumed to have mid‐ocean ridge basalts‐like (MORB) isotopic characteristics, in enriching the Batan subarc mantle is largely masked by the sediment input. The Negros adakites are present only in Mount Cuernos, the volcanic center nearest to the Negros trench. Batch partial melting calculations show that the Negros adakites could be derived from a garnet amphibolitic source with normal‐MORB (N‐MORB) geochemistry. This is supported by the MORB‐like isotopic characteristics of the Mount Cuernos lavas. The volcanic rocks from the other volcanoes consist of normal arc and transitional adakitic lavas that have slightly higher Sr‐ and Pb‐isotopic ratios, probably due to slight sediment input. Mixing of adakites and normal arc lavas to produce transitional adakites is only partly supported by trace element geochemistry and not by field evidence. The transitional adakites can be modeled as partial melts of an adakite‐enriched mantle. Trace element enrichment of non‐adakitic lavas could reflect the interaction of their mantle source with uprising slab melts, as metasomatic mantle minerals scavenge certain trace elements from the adakitic fluids. Therefore, in arcs beneath which thick (up to 2 km) continent‐derived detrital sediments are involved in subduction, like in Batan, the sediment signature can overwhelm the slab melt input. In arcs like Negros where slow subduction could cause a more efficient scraping of thinner (approximately 1 km) detrital sediments, the contribution of slab melts is easier to detect.     

Behavior of Niobium, Tantalum and other high field strength elements in adakites and related lavas from The Philippines

Abstract Pliocene–Quaternary adakites and spatially and temporally associated niobium-enriched basalts (the latter thought to be derived by melting of slab melt-metasomatized mantle) from the Philippine island arcs have been selected for analysis of high field strength elements (HFSE). All these samples have nearly constant and chondritic Zr/Hf ratio (36.5) and slightly infrachondritic Nb/Ta ratio (14.7). We interpret adakitic magmas to be derived from the partial melting at approximately 900°C of subducted mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) crust, with rutile and/or ilmenite as residual minerals. Melting calculations show that, under these conditions, slab melts should have suprachondritic Nb/Ta ratios. The obvious discrepancy with our data is attributed to insufficient knowledge of rutile-melt partition coefficients for HFSE. Consequently, abnormal Nb/Ta or Zr/Hf ratios cannot be considered as potential markers of slab melting processes in island arcs.     

Characteristics of Intraslab Stress Field and Tectonic Implication in the Nankai Trough, Japan

1. IntroductionThe Nankai Trough region (Fig. 1.1) of southwest Japan is one of the most tectonically complex subduction zones in the world. The subduction of the Philippine Sea plate (PH) beneath the Eurasian plate (EU) has caused a series of large and great interplate earthquakes. It is generally accepted that great earthquakes have occurred at intervals of 100-150 years along the Nankai subduction zone since the 684 Hakuho earthquake (Fig. 1.2). However, a large earthquake (M>7.5) has…     

大型地下洞室顶板稳定性的岩体结构控制效应

采用结构力学方法和块体稳定性分析程序UNWFDGE分析了溪洛渡水电站大型地下洞室中错动带单条发育、结构面成组发育和结构面集中发育呈碎裂岩体三种情况下的围岩稳定性,得出了错动带出露的临界稳定厚度和潜在不稳定块体的特征,为支护处理提供了重要的理论依据。