基于变形理论的花岗岩地区地铁隧道围岩等级细分研究

目前施工阶段围岩等级细分研究是围岩分级研究的一个热点, 目的是为了解决当前围岩分级跨度大不能满足实际施工需要的困境。在地铁高速建设时代为更好指导地铁隧道顺利建设, 充分考虑城市地铁隧道建设特点, 以青岛地铁建设所处的典型花岗岩地层为工程地质背景, 利用数值模拟软件FLAC3D, 通过模拟不同岩体质量的围岩在浅地层不同埋深下的地表沉降情况对围岩稳定性进行评价, 基于不同围岩的稳定性差异将Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ级围岩对应细分为2, 3, 3个亚级。并对分级方案做进一步分析认为影响围岩分级的主要因素为岩石强度和岩体完整性, 分级时应综合考虑两大因素。其中岩石强度为主导因素, 决定了围岩等级的大致范围。软岩由于具有显著流变特性不具有自稳能力, 施工时应做完备施工支护方案。     

黄河流域降水稳定同位素的云下二次蒸发效应

雨滴从云底降落到地面过程的云下二次蒸发现象会影响雨滴中的同位素比率,明确降水过程中稳定同位素的变化对研究流域水循环具有重要意义。基于全球降水同位素网络（GNIP）、相关文献同位素数据以及气象数据,首先建立局地大气水线（LMWL）定性分析了黄河流域云下二次蒸发与各气象要素间的关系,其次运用改进的Stewart模型定量计算了蒸发剩余比（f）和云底降水与地面降水的D-excess之差（Δd）。结果表明：（1） 黄河流域LMWL方程为：δ²H=7.01δ¹⁸O+1.25（n=293,R²=0.92）,斜率和截距相比GMWL均较小,说明雨滴在下落过程中受到云下二次蒸发的影响。其中0～10 mm的降雨事件对云下二次蒸发影响显著;气温越高,或者水汽压、相对湿度越小,云下二次蒸发越强烈。（2） 季节变化上,从春季到冬季, f和Δd逐渐增大,云下二次蒸发逐渐减小。空间变化上,蒙甘区、蒙中区、晋陕甘区和渭河区的西安,年际间云下二次蒸发变化较大,而青南区、祁连-青海湖区、渭河区的平凉、长武、华山和鲁淮区年际差异较小。（3） 降水中Δd和f之间的线性关系在不同气象要素范围内有不同的数值,由于不同区域各气象条件存在差异,因此在应用经验公式时需考虑研究区的具体气象条件。     

Mapping sub‐pixel fluvial grain sizes with hyperspatial imagery

This study presents an investigation of image texture approaches for mapping sub‐pixel fluvial grain‐size features from airborne imagery, allowing for the rapid acquisition of surface sand and coarse fraction (>1·41 mm) grain‐size information. Imagery at 30 mm resolution was acquired over four gravel bars from the Fraser River (British Columbia, Canada). Combined first‐order and second‐order image texture approaches (windowed standard deviation filter and the grey level co‐occurrence matrix) were used. First‐order image texture, through the application of a standard deviation filter and subsequent thresholding was used to detect the presence of surface sand, with optimal accuracy achieved at 91 ± 1·9%. A wide‐ranging parameter space investigation was used to derive optimum parameters for the grey‐level co‐occurrence matrix. Subsequently first‐order and second‐order image textures were used in multiple linear regression to achieve good calibrations with several sub‐pixel grain‐size percentiles; relative error at 1·44%, 3·18%, 6·80% and 10·6% for D<sub>5sub>, D<sub>16sub>, D<sub>35sub> and D<sub>50sub>, respectively. The larger percentiles of D<sub>84sub> and D<sub>95sub> had relative errors of 24·7% and 29·7%, respectively. The breakdown of calibration precision for larger percentiles is attributed to a ‘pixel averaging effect’. It is concluded that multispectral imagery is not required, because sufficient image texture information can be derived from standard colour imagery. Recommendations are suggested for the application of this method to other localities and data sets, thus reducing exhaustive parameter searches in future studies.     

Geomorphological characteristics of small debris flows on Junior's Kop,Marion Island,maritime sub ‐ Antarctic

The geomorphological characteristics of small debris flows in a maritime sub‐Antarctic environment are described. The morphological and sedimentological characteristics of the debris flows are comparable to debris flows documented for other parts of the world; their initiation appears closely linked to the unusual environment in which they are found. Sediment supply is generated by diurnal frost heave of loamy sediment associated with Azorella selago. The debris flows are triggered by sediment mobilization upon saturation of the frost‐heaved surface gravel and overland flow over the low‐permeability and frost‐susceptible slope materials. Morphological effects of the flows are short‐lived due to obliteration by subsequent frost heave activity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characterization of sub‐daily thermal regime in alpine rivers: quantification of alterations induced by hydropeaking

The thermal regime of rivers is threatened by anthropogenic stresses at a large variety of timescales. We focus on sub‐daily thermal alterations induced by the release of hypolimnetic water for hydropower production (thermopeaking). We analyse the thermal signal focusing on the following characteristics that are potentially affected by hypolimnetic releases: (i) sub‐daily thermal rate of change and (ii) oscillation frequencies contained in the thermal signal. Through a proper scaling, we derive two dimensionless at‐a‐station indicators to compare alterations among stations with different locations and physiographic characteristics of the basins. Then we analyse the data from two different thermal datasets (Italy/Switzerland) for a total of 48 stations with 10 min time resolution of temperature data. The stations are grouped according to the absence of upstream hydropeaking releases (29 stations, reference group) and the existence of upstream hydropeaking, hence potentially impacted by thermopeaking (19 stations, altered group). Using a simple statistical approach, based on a non‐parametric definition of outliers, we identify the range of variability of the two indicators for the reference, unaltered group. This range measures the ‘natural’ sub‐daily thermal variability of the proposed indicators. Finally, we investigate the seasonality effects on the two proposed indicators and it results, that sub‐daily alterations mostly occur during summer. The two indicators represent a novel tool for the assessment of river thermal regime alterations and can be easily included in existing methodologies to assess river quality. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A method to detect and characterize sub‐daily flow fluctuations

Hydro peaking causes an important environmental impact on running water ecosystems. Many affected rivers have a poor ecological status. In rivers affected by hydro peaking, the flow conditions are highly complex and difficult to grasp. To develop a general framework for detecting and characterizing sub‐daily flow fluctuations, we analysed more than 500 Austrian hydrographs, covering the whole range from unimpacted to heavily impacted rivers. Different fluctuation types could be identified according to the potential source: e.g. sub‐daily flow fluctuations caused by hydro peaking, rainfall or snow and glacier melt. Additionally, the term ‘hydro fibrillation’ was established, to indicate frequently occurring artificial fluctuations with comparably low intensities. An automatic procedure was used to detect frequency and intensity of each flow fluctuation. Using variables based on duration curves of flow fluctuation rates (ramping rates), amplitudes, flow ratios, durations and daily numbers of fluctuations, a predictive model (linear discriminant analysis) was fitted to classify hydrographs into predominant fluctuation regimes. This is the basis for a detailed investigation of present sub‐daily flow regimes and to analyse the differences between the regimes. Based on the results, we finally propose a general framework that enables a standardized assessment of flow fluctuations regarding event intensities and/or event timing. The proposed framework offers a standardized selection of particular flow fluctuations referring to increase and decrease events separately. The selection of specific flow fluctuations can be defined with respect to several research questions (e.g. ecologically relevant fluctuations), which offers a wide range of applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于MapInfo的小斑多边形的自动聚合

介绍了一种基于MapInfo平台的小斑多边形自动聚合的方法,与基于MapBasic的小斑多边形自动聚合的方法相比,分析了其方法的优点,实现了广州市某区土地利用规划图制作过程中小斑多边形的自动聚合。     

浅谈地籍区与地籍子区的划分

本文以南京市建邺区为实验区,以街坊界线图为底图,结合地形图、权属图等数据浅述了地籍区与地籍子区划分的流程,对其中的划分原则和具体划分步骤进行了详细的阐述。最终的地籍区与地籍子区界线成果达到了较为满意的效果。     

Lumped surface and sub‐surface runoff for erosion modeling within a small hilly watershed in northern Vietnam

Developing models to predict on‐site soil erosion and off‐site sediment transport at the agricultural watershed scale represent an on‐going challenge in research today. This study attempts to simulate the daily discharge and sediment loss using a distributed model that combines surface and sub‐surface runoffs in a small hilly watershed (< 1 km²). The semi‐quantitative model, Predict and Localize Erosion and Runoff (PLER), integrates the Manning–Strickler equation to simulate runoff and the Griffith University Erosion System Template equation to simulate soil detachment, sediment storage and soil loss based on a map resolution of 30 m × 30 m and over a daily time interval. By using a basic input data set and only two calibration coefficients based, respectively, on water velocity and soil detachment, the PLER model is easily applicable to different agricultural scenarios. The results indicate appropriate model performance and a high correlation between measured and predicted data with both Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (Ef) and correlation coefficient (r²) having values > 0.9. With the simple input data needs, PLER model is a useful tool for daily runoff and soil erosion modeling in small hilly watersheds in humid tropical areas. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.