水位波动下的呼伦湖上覆水体与沉积物间隙水之间溶质的运移特征

为了探求内蒙古呼伦湖上覆水体和沉积物间隙水之间溶质运移机制,对呼伦湖的1个沉积物柱芯的间隙水、3个湖泊水体以及湖周边7个地下水体中的氯离子(Cl~-),氢、氧稳定同位素(δD和δ~(18)O)分别进行分析测试,并利用其示踪性对沉积物中溶质运移特征进行研究.结果显示,δD、δ~(18)O和Cl~-浓度在不同水体中的分布具有相似的分布规律,整体上从底部沉积物到上部湖水浓度分布呈现逐渐递减的抛物线趋势,在间隙水中最大值位于所取沉积物柱芯的最深处,Cl~-浓度为306 mg/L,δD和δ~(18)O分别为-58‰和-5.9‰;最小值位于沉积物柱芯上层,并与上覆水体中的值相似,Cl~-浓度为159 mg/L,δD和δ~(18)O分别为-66‰和-7.3‰.为了明确沉积物柱芯中间隙水的高浓度Cl~-和偏正δD、δ~(18)O的来源,比较不同水体的δ~(18)O-δD关系点分布,表明含有偏正值的δD、δ~(18)O和高浓度Cl~-的间隙水与上覆湖水关系密切,可能是由于低水位时期湖水与间隙水相互发生扩散作用而产生的结果.一维对流扩散迁移模型证实扩散作用是控制着沉积物间隙水中溶质浓度在垂向上分布的主要机制,同时湖水水位的变化会影响沉积物间隙水与上覆水体的扩散过程,特别是在水位上升期,富集在沉积物中的溶质可能成为湖水的重要物质来源,影响上覆水体的水质.因此,对于封闭湖泊水位的控制和管理不仅在维持湖泊水量方面有着直接的作用,同时在稳定湖泊水质条件上也有着重要的意义.     

Note on the isotopic geochemistry of fossil-lacustrine tufas in carbonate plateau—A study from Dungul region (SW Egypt)

Lithological, chemical, and stable isotope data are used to characterize lacustrine tufas dating back to pre-late Miocene and later unknown times, capping different surfaces of a Tertiary carbonate (Sinn el-Kedab) plateau in Dungul region in the currently hyperarid south-western Egypt. These deposits are composed mostly of calcium carbonate, some magnesium carbonate and clastic particles plus minor amounts of organic matter. They have a wide range of (Mg/Ca)_molar ratios, from 0.03 to 0.3. The bulk-tufa carbonate has characteristic isotope compositions: (δ¹³C_mean = −2.49 ± 0.99‰; δ¹⁸O_mean = −9.43 ± 1.40‰). The δ¹³C values are consistent with a small input from C4 vegetation or thinner soils in the recharge area of the tufa-depositing systems. The δ¹⁸O values are typical of fresh water carbonates. Covariation between δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O values probably is a reflection of climatic conditions such as aridity. The tufas studied are isotopically similar to the underlying diagenetic marine chalks, marls and limestones (δ¹³C_mean = −2.06 ± 0.84‰; δ¹⁸O_mean = −10.06 ± 1.39‰). The similarity has been attributed to common meteoric water signatures. This raises large uncertainties in using tufas (Mg/Ca)_molar, δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O records as proxies of paleoclimatic change and suggests that intrinsic compositional differences in material sources within the plateau may mask climatic changes in the records.     

Geochemical and isotopic composition of organic matter in the Kupferschiefer of the Polish Zechstein basin: relation to maturity and base metal mineralization

max vs the present depth of the Kupferschiefer, soluble organic matter (SOM) yields, and relative proportions of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons of the SOM provide evidence for an oxidative alteration of organic matter in highly mineralized Kupferschiefer samples near the Rote F?ule zones. This is confirmed by differences in the composition of the saturated and aromatic hydrocarbon fractions of the soluble organic matter: Saturated hydrocarbons from Rote F?ule samples are dominated by short-chain n-alkanes and higher abundances of pristane and phytane relative to heptadecane (n-C17) and octadecane (n-C18), respectively, compared with samples more distant to the Rote F?ule zone. Compositional changes of the aromatic hydrocarbon fractions with decreasing distance to that zone are characterized by the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and elevated ratios of phenanthrene to methylphenanthrenes that are attributed to demethylation reactions and resulted in a decrease of the methylphenanthrene index (MPI 1). Kupferschiefer samples from the barren zone of the Polish Basin do not show these alteration patterns. The observed variations in organic matter composition with burial depth are consistent with changes due to increasing thermal maturation. Maturity assessment is achieved from MPI 1 and the methyldibenzothiophene ratio (MDR). From the relationship between the maturity of organic matter in terms of vitrinite reflectance values and depth of the Kupferschiefer strata, a continuous increase in reflectance of vitrinite is obtained within the Polish Basin. The alteration pattern of organic matter related to base metal mineralization of the Kupferschiefer corresponds to changes in the isotopic composition of organic carbon and calcite. Kerogen within, or close to, Rote F?ule zone is enriched in ¹³C caused by the preferential release of isotopically light organic compounds through progressive degradation of organic matter. The opposite tendency towards lower δ ¹³C and δ ¹⁸O values of calcite provides evidence for isotopic exchange between carbonate and the oxidizing, ore-bearing solutions and for organic matter remineralization. In contrast, organic matter and calcite from the Kupferschiefer do not show regular trends in δ ¹³C with increasing thermal maturation. Received: 25 June 1999 / Accepted: 1 December 1999     

Age, Origin and Cooling History of the Coronel Joao Sa Pluton, Bahia, Brazil

In north-east Brazil, Archean and Paleoproterozoic cratonicblocks are enclosed within a network of Brasiliano-age (0·7–0·55Ga) metasedimentary foldbelts. The unfoliated Coronel JoãoSá granodiorite pluton, which contains magmatic epidoteand strongly resorbed clinopyroxene, intrudes the SergipanoFoldbelt. Zircons yield a concordant U–Pb crystallizationage of 625 ± 2 Ma; titanite ages are approximately 621Ma. Discordant zircons suggest inheritance from at least twomagma sources of ages <1·8 and >2·2 Ga.Model calculations based on diffusion parameters and Rb–Srisotope data from separated minerals indicate that the plutoncooled at a rate of 36°C/Myr. Whole-rock element compositionsand initial Sr–Nd isotopic compositions that are heterogeneouson all length scales suggest magma mixing. Trace-element concentrationsand Nd isotope data argue against a contribution from a contemporaneousmantle-derived magma. Values of magmatic _Nd (at 625 Ma) resemblecontemporary _Nd for local supracrustal rocks and basement, compatiblewith anatexis of a crustal source. In north-east Brazil, cratonicblocks could have amalgamated with foldbelts that originatedas: (1) a mosaic of island arcs and arc basins (traditionalallochthonous model), or as (2) extensional continental sedimentarybasins (but not oceanic crust) later involved in collision (autochthonousmodel). The Coronel João Sá isotopic and chemicaldata support an autochthonous origin. KEY WORDS: Brasiliano Orogeny; granodiorite pluton; Rb–Sr isotopes, Sm–Nd isotopes; U–Pb isotopes, magma cooling rate     

矿物O同位素地球化学理论

应用增量方法不仅能够从理论上准确计算所有固体矿物的O同位素分馏系数，而且能够定量预测；（1）热力学平衡条件下共生矿物之间的18O富集顺序；（2）岩石化学成分与O同位素组成之间的关系；（3）矿物结构变化对O同位素组成的影响；（4）同质多相转变和矿物反应中的氧同位素继承性。本文对这些规律性预测进行了概要性介绍，并给出实例予以说明。     

钾稳定同位素在水文地球化学领域的研究进展与展望

地表硅酸盐岩矿物风化通常是水体中钙、镁、钠、钾等元素的重要来源,然而相比于水体中的钙、镁和钠,目前对钾的水文地球化学行为的认识仍十分有限。表生地球化学领域最新研究证明风化、吸附等多种水岩反应伴随着较大的钾同位素分馏,表明钾同位素技术可以用于示踪地下水中钾的来源及迁移转化。文章通过系统总结上地壳、水圈和其他地表储库（植物、肥料）的钾同位素组成,发现水圈普遍比大陆上地壳富集41K,为识别地下水的钾来源提供了基础;通过总结钾同位素在常见的水岩作用过程（硅酸盐岩矿物溶解、次生黏土形成、吸附作用、离子交换反应）中的分馏行为,发现硅酸盐岩矿物溶解分馏有限,次生黏土矿物形成引起水体富集41K,表面吸附和离子交换使水体富集39K,不同水岩反应中K同位素行为差异为示踪地下水中钾的迁移转化过程提供了基础;列举了应用钾同位素示踪硅酸盐岩风化和水体污染的最新研究成果。由于钾同位素是硅酸盐岩风化的良好示踪剂,可以利用钾同位素揭示CO2较充足含水层中钾元素释放及迁移转化机理;由于表面吸附和离子交换控制的钾同位素分馏方向与风化控制的钾同位素分馏方向不同,可以利用钾同位素识别出地下水循环过程中多种水岩反应对钾迁移转化的共同控制。在此基础上,对钾同位素在水文地球化学领域的应用进行了展望：（1）开展研究区多端元控制下地下水钾来源贡献的研究;（2）开展地下水漫长循环过程中钾迁移转化的定量研究;（3）联合使用多种同位素示踪碳循环相关的过程。     

Rates of erosion and landscape change along the Blue Ridge escarpment,southern Appalachian Mountains,estimated from in situ cosmogenic 10Be

The Blue Ridge escarpment, located within the southern Appalachian Mountains of Virginia and North Carolina, forms a distinct, steep boundary between the lower‐elevation Piedmont and higher‐elevation Blue Ridge physiographic provinces. To understand better the rate at which this landform and the adjacent landscape are changing, we measured cosmogenic beryllium‐10 (¹⁰Be) in quartz separated from sediment samples (n = 50) collected in 32 streams and from three exposed bedrock outcrops along four transects normal to the escarpment, allowing us to calculate erosion rates integrated over 10⁴–10⁵ years. These basin‐averaged erosion rates (5.4–49 m Myr^?1) are consistent with those measured elsewhere in the southern Appalachain Mountains and show a positive relationship between erosion rate and average basin slope. Erosion rates show no relationship with basin size or relative position of the Brevard fault zone, a fundamental structural element of the region. The cosmogenic isotopic data, when considered along with the distribution of average basin slopes in each physiographic province, suggest that the escarpment is eroding on average more rapidly than the Blue Ridge uplands, which are eroding more rapidly than the Piedmont lowlands. This difference in erosion rates by geomorphic setting suggests that the elevation difference between the uplands and lowlands adjacent to the escarpment is being reduced but at extremely slow rates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中国若干固体矿床He、Ar同位素研究

本文以成矿阶段放物中的汉体包裹体为测定对象，研究了哀牢山金矿带内3个金矿床、马厂箐斑岩铜矿床、金顶铅-锌矿床和白云鄂博稀土-铌-铁矿床的He、Ar同位素组成。结果表明，He、Ar同位素对揭示成矿古流体的成因，具有灵敏感的示踪作用。     

Factors controlling the groundwater transport of U, Th, Ra, and Rn

A model for the groundwater transport of naturally occurring U, Th, Ra, and Rn nuclides in the²³⁸U and²³²Th decay series is discussed. The model developed here takes into account transport by advection and the physico-chemical processes of weathering, decay, α-recoil, and sorption at the water-rock interface. It describes the evolution along a flowline of the activities of the²³⁸U and²³²Th decay series nuclides in groundwater. Simple sets of relationships governing the activities of the various species in solution are derived, and these can be used both to calculate effective retardation factors and to interpret groundwater data. For the activities of each nuclide, a general solution to the transport equation has been obtained, which shows that the activities reach a constant value after a distance ϰ_i, characteristic of each nuclide. Where ϰ_i is much longer than the aquifer length, (for²³⁸U,²³⁴U, and²³²Th), the activities grow linearly with distance. Where gKⁱ is short compared to the aquifer length, (for²³⁴Th,²³⁰Th,²²⁸Th,²²⁸Ra, and²²⁴Ra), the activities rapidly reach a constant or quasi-constant activity value. For²²⁶Ra and²²²Rn, the limiting activity is reached after 1 km. High δ²³⁴U values (proportional to the ratio^ɛ234Th/^W238U) can be obtained through high recoil fraction and/or low weathering rates. The activity ratios²³⁰Th/²³²Th,²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra and²²⁴Ra/²²⁶Ra have been considered in the cases where either weathering or recoil is the predominant process of input from the mineral grain. Typical values for weathering rates and recoil fractions for a sandy aquifer indicate that recoil is the dominant process for Th isotopic ratios in the water. Measured data for Ra isotope activity ratios indicate that recoil is the process generally controlling the Ra isotopic composition in water. Higher isotopic ratios can be explained by different desorption kinetics of Ra. However, the model does not provide an explanation for²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra and²²⁴Ra/²²⁶Ra activity ratios less than unity. From the model, the highest²²²Rn emanation equals 2ɛ. This is in agreement with the hypothesis that²²²Rn activity can be used as a first approximation for input by recoil (Krishnaswamiet al 1982). However, high²²²Rn emanation cannot be explained by production from the surface layer as formulated in the model. Other possibilities involve models including surface precipitation, where the surface layer is not in steady-state.     

南极乔治王岛晚白垩世地幔源火山岩Nd、Sr同位素和微量元素证据

对乔治王岛上白垩统半三角组火山岩样品进行了 Rb- Sr同位素等时线年龄测定 ,所获结果为 71 .3 3± 0 .3 Ma。通过 εND(T) - 14 7Sm/14 4Nd,14 3 Nd/14 4Nd- 87Sr/86 Sr,87Sr/86 Sr- Sr和 87Sr/86 Sr- K2 O/(K2 O+Na2 O)的相关性研究表明 ,该火山岩物质主要来自亏损地幔 (DMM)源区 ,基本上未受到地壳物质混染。其中 6个样品的平均 Sm- Nd模式年龄 (TNd DM)为 443 .3± 2 0 .6 Ma,可能反映了在研究地区的岩浆源区化学分异事件的时代。微量元素的特点表明 ,半三角组样品属典型的钙碱性火山岩系列 ,与长城站地区第三系火山岩相类似 ,同属于岛弧火山活动的产物。