Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as evidence of hydrocarbon migration in marine and lagoon sediments of a recent rift zone (Skjálfandi and Öxarfjörður), Iceland

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content and distribution was studied in the northern part of modern rift zone. All samples analysed represent slightly altered clastic deposits and hot water discharging in springs and from wells. To study PAH in present-day gas emission traps with diatomite absorbent were installed in the Skógalón geothermal field. All samples were analysed by the method of Shpol'sky spectroscopy. Hydrothermally altered deposits show the highest amount of PAH. Data obtained allow to believe that the distribution of PAH is closely associated with the dynamics of the hydrothermal environment. The fissure formation and temperature fluctuation in hydrothermal systems can govern both the processes of PAH synthesis and sorption. The evidences of PAH migration up through the Skjálfandi and Öxarfjörður sedimentary basins show that hydrocarbons associate mainly with hydrothermal minerals and deep ground waters. Studying PAH associations can be used as an indicator of hydrocarbons distribution, ways of migration and possible zones of accumulation in the land and marine sedimentary basins in active and ancient rift zones of Iceland.     

新疆阿尔泰天德Ⅱ号铁矿床矿物学特征及其指示意义

铁建造（IFs）主要形成于前寒武纪,其不仅记录了丰富的岩石圈、大气圈、水圈和生物圈状态及演化的信息,而且也是世界上最重要的铁矿资源类型。最新研究发现,中国新疆阿尔泰地区产出有早古生代IFs,文章以天德Ⅱ号铁矿为典型矿床开展了深入的矿物学研究。天德Ⅱ号铁矿呈层状、似层状赋存于变质火山-沉积岩系中,IFs主要组成矿物为磁铁矿和石英,角闪石和石榴子石次之。此外,可见少量斜长石、黑云母、钛铁矿以及金红石等矿物。片岩中矿物组合与IF类似,但磁铁矿含量较低,而硅酸盐矿物含量较高。IFs和片岩中磁铁矿均较为纯净;角闪石属于镁角闪石-镁钙闪石,斜长石主要为中长石;黑云母为镁黑云母;ⅠFs中石榴子石主要属于铁铝榴石-锰铝榴石系列,与前寒武纪IFs矿物组合一致,这些矿物均为变质成因。据此,笔者推测天德Ⅱ号铁矿原始沉积物为无定形二氧化硅、碎屑物质、碳酸盐以及Fe(Ⅲ)-氢氧化物,其经历了角闪岩相变质作用,根据Grt-Bt地质温度计计算其变质温度为592～617℃,依据Hbl-Pl-Qtz地质压力计获得压力为3.06～3.23 kbar。结合前人研究,笔者认为天德Ⅱ号铁矿可能与前寒武纪阿尔戈马型IFs类似,早...     

Depositional age and tectonic environment of the Gouap banded iron formations from the Nyong group,SW Cameroon:Insights from isotopic,geochemical and geochronological studies of drillcore samples

The discovery of the Gouap banded iron formations(BIFs)-hosted iron mineralization in the northwestern of the Nyong Group(Ntem Complex)in southwestern Cameroon provides unique insights into the geology of this region.In this contribution,we firstly report detailed study of geochemistry,isotopic and geochronology of well preserved samples of the Gouap BIFs collected from diamond drillcores.The Gouap BIFs consist mainly of amphibole BIFs and amphibole-pyrite BIFs characterized by dominant Fe₂O₃+SiO₂contents and variable contents of CaO,MgO and SO₃,consistent with the presence of amphibole,chlorite,epidote and pyrite,formed during amphibolite facies metamorphism and overprinted hydrothermal event.The amphibole–pyrite BIFs are typically enriched in trace and rare earth elements(REE)compared to the amphibole BIFs,suggesting the influence of detrital materials as well as secondary hydrothermal alteration.The Post Archean Australian Shale(PAAS)-normalized REE–Y profiles of the Gouap BIFs display positive La,Eu anomalies,weak negative Ce anomalies,indicating a mixture of low-temperature hydrothermal fluids and relatively oxic conditions probably under relative shallow seawater.We present here the first isotopic data of BIFs within the Ntem Complex.Theδ³⁰Si_NBS28values of the quartz from the Gouap BIFs vary from-1.5‰to-0.3‰and from-0.8‰to-0.9‰for the amphibole BIFs and amphibole–pyrite BIFs,respectively.The quartz hasδ¹⁸OV-SMOW values of 6.8‰–9.5‰(amphibole BIFs)and 9.2‰–10.6‰(amphibole–pyrite BIFs).The magnetite from the Gouap BIFs showsδ¹⁸O values ranging from-3.5‰to-1.8‰and from-3‰to-1.7‰for the amphibole BIFs and amphibole–pyrite BIFs,respectively.Moreover,the pyrite grains in the amphibole–pyrite BIFs displayδ34S values of 1.1‰–1.8‰.All isotopic data of the Gouap BIFs confirm that they might have precipitated from low-temperature hydrothermal fluids with detrital input distant from the volcanic activity.According to their geochemical and isotopic characteristics,we propose that the Gouap BIFs belong to the Superior type.In situ U–Pb zircon dating of BIFs was conducted to assess the BIF depositional age based on strong evidence of zircon in thin section.The Gouap BIFs were probably deposited at 2422±50 Ma in a region where sediments extended from continental shelf to deep-water environments along craton margins like the Caue Formation of the Minas Supergroup,Brazil.The studied BIFs have experienced regional hydrothermal activity and metamorphism at 2089±8.3 Ma during the Eburnean–Transamazonian orogeny.These findings suggest a physical continuity between the protocratonic masses of both Sao Francisco and Congo continents in the Rhyacian Period.     

华北和圣弗朗西斯科克拉通前寒武纪地质对比

一些学者提出华北克拉通在新元古代早期之前与圣弗朗西斯科克拉通（圣弗朗西斯科-刚果克拉通）相邻,但缺少证据;本文总结两个古陆地质记录,为评价这一古构造格局模型提供线索。两个古陆陆壳生长的峰期均为～2.7 Ga前;不同之处是,华北古陆经历了显著的～2.5 Ga前的陆壳生长和改造,而圣弗朗西斯科克拉通则似乎没有。华北古陆2.4～2.2 Ga期间发育少量变质火山-沉积岩系和花岗岩,～2.1 Ga前后广泛发育裂谷火山-沉积建造及侵入岩,2.0～1.9 Ga发育超高温变质作用和类似弧岩浆活动,导致两个克拉通（东、西华北克拉通）拼合形成统一的华北古陆;同一时期,圣弗朗西斯科克拉通南、北缘发育2.4～2.0 Ga岩浆作用,指示长期处于大陆边缘弧或者岛弧背景,～2.0 Ga还发育超高温变质作用。两个古陆都发育～2.0 Ga前类似大陆边缘弧特点的岩浆活动,只是圣弗朗西斯科克拉通时代稍早。1.8 Ga以来,两个古陆均发育多期岩墙群,部分基本同期,如～1.78 Ga岩墙群、～1.7 Ga岩墙群和～0.92 Ga岩墙群等;不同的是,华北古陆发育约1.3～1.2 Ga岩床/墙群,而圣弗朗西斯克拉通发育～1.5 Ga岩墙群。1.8～0.8 Ga,两个古陆上都断续发育（火山）-沉积建造：1.8～1.6 Ga以及1.4～1.2 Ga,两者的沉积建造同样以石英砂岩等碎屑岩为主,碳酸盐岩较少;1.2～1.0 Ga前,两者的记录均较少,或暂不能确定;1.0～0.8 Ga,两者均发育碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩;1.6～1.4 Ga,华北古陆发育碳酸盐岩建造,而圣弗朗西斯科克拉通则发育碎屑岩建造。华北古陆新元古界地层中碎屑锆石常显示～1.5 Ga的峰值,该期岩浆岩鲜少报道于华北古陆,但却见于圣弗朗西斯科克拉通。两个陆块都发育太古宙-古元古代条带状铁建造铁矿、古元古代石墨矿、中新元古代沉积-喷流型铅锌矿等。不过,华北古陆发育的古元古代硼矿、菱镁矿,中元古代碳酸岩型稀土矿等在圣弗朗西斯科不发育;而后者发育的绿岩带型相关金矿、镍矿、祖母绿宝石矿等,华北似乎不发育。另外,0.7～0.5 Ga,圣弗朗西斯科克拉通周边广泛发育泛非期造山带,而华北古陆并没有这一事件的明确记录;显生宙,圣弗朗西斯科克拉通相对稳定,中生代与刚果克拉通分离;但华北古陆内部经历强烈的构造-岩浆活动（峰期在中生代）。华北与圣弗朗西斯科克拉通前寒武纪是否相邻还需进一步地质对比和古地磁工作,尤其应关注约2.0～1.9 Ga岩浆-变质（造山）事件、约1.8～1.7 Ga岩浆-沉积（裂谷）事件以及约0.9 Ga岩浆-沉积（裂谷）事件。从地质记录的相似性角度来看,华北东南缘与圣弗朗西斯科南缘的地质记录相似性最大,可延续性最强,最可能相邻。     

Mélanges and other types of block-in-matrix formations in the Cantabrian Zone (Variscan Orogen,northwest Spain): origin and significance

Block-in-matrix formations in the Variscan foreland of Spain (Cantabrian Zone) occur in two different geological settings. The major block-in-matrix formations are mélanges, which appear as carpets beneath or ahead of submarine thrust systems. These mélanges may reach up to kilometric thickness and are mostly composed of broken formations (boudinaged sequences) of late Carboniferous age and scattered ‘exotic’ blocks derived from older Palaeozoic formations. Moreover, the mélanges in the Cantabrian Zone also include subordinate debris flow deposits with a chaotic block-in-matrix fabric (olistostromes). The source of the mélange blocks was the front of advancing nappes, chiefly the upper part of the nappe stacks. Therefore, the Cantabrian mélanges are interpreted as originated through submarine sliding and slumping associated with steep slopes at the orogenic front. The different types of rock bodies of these mélanges may be related to the degree of lithification of the sediments or rocks during slumping. So, broken formations are boudinaged sequences where the boudins or blocks resulted from extensional faults developed in lithified or semilithified limestones and sandstones, whereas the unlithified muddy matrix underwent continuous deformation. The scattered ‘exotic’ blocks ranging in age from early Cambrian to early Carboniferous were incorporated into the mélanges as individual blocks from competent well-lithified formations, originally located in the lower part of the nappe stacks. Although the Cantabrian Zone mélanges include olistostromic intervals, most of the olistostromes of this zone occur in a different geological setting. They are usually intercalated in the normal marine deposits of the Variscan foreland basin and, in contrast to the mélanges, they are mostly related to the margins of carbonate platforms, ahead of moving nappes. Finally, other instances of olistostromes are related to slopes generated by limb rotation of growth folds, which developed on submarine wedge-top successions.     

Combined use of LiDAR data and multispectral earth observation imagery for wetland habitat mapping

Although wetlands play a key role in controlling flooding and nonpoint source pollution, sequestering carbon and providing an abundance of ecological services, the inventory and characterization of wetland habitats are most often limited to small areas. This explains why the understanding of their ecological functioning is still insufficient for a reliable functional assessment on areas larger than a few hectares. While LiDAR data and multispectral Earth Observation (EO) images are often used separately to map wetland habitats, their combined use is currently being assessed for different habitat types. The aim of this study is to evaluate the combination of multispectral and multiseasonal imagery and LiDAR data to precisely map the distribution of wetland habitats. The image classification was performed combining an object-based approach and decision-tree modeling. Four multispectral images with high (SPOT-5) and very high spatial resolution (Quickbird, KOMPSAT-2, aerial photographs) were classified separately. Another classification was then applied integrating summer and winter multispectral image data and three layers derived from LiDAR data: vegetation height, microtopography and intensity return. The comparison of classification results shows that some habitats are better identified on the winter image and others on the summer image (overall accuracies = 58.5 and 57.6%). They also point out that classification accuracy is highly improved (overall accuracy = 86.5%) when combining LiDAR data and multispectral images. Moreover, this study highlights the advantage of integrating vegetation height, microtopography and intensity parameters in the classification process. This article demonstrates that information provided by the synergetic use of multispectral images and LiDAR data can help in wetland functional assessment     

成膜防塌无固相冲洗液在广西向阳坪地区复杂地层中的应用

广西向阳坪地区地层复杂,存在多段大厚度水敏性蚀变地层及破碎地层,高岭石化及绿泥石化蚀变地层吸水后极易膨胀缩径或分散剥落,引起孔内掉块、孔壁坍塌等现象,导致卡钻、埋钻等孔内事故频发。通过对该地层岩心样品进行岩性分析,选择了成膜防塌无固相冲洗液体系,经过室内实验评价,确定了适用于向阳坪地区复杂地层的冲洗液配方,并在现场进行应用,有效地解决了水敏性蚀变地层吸水膨胀及分散剥落问题,护壁效果明显,孔壁稳定性显著提高,避免了孔内事故的发生,所取出的岩心完整且岩心采取率高,大大提高了钻进效率,缩短了施工时间,降低了施工成本。     

黑龙江争光金矿水文地质特征浅析

争光金矿床是黑龙江省近年来在其西北部地区发现的一个中(大)型的热液-构造蚀变岩型金矿床。文章论述了争光金矿床岩石赋水特征及其地下水补径排条件,认为采用"大井"法计算露采场基岩裂隙水水量是适宜的,其水文地质参数确定合理。     

松散岩层钻探技术应用研究进展及其主要成果

“松散岩层钻探技术应用研究”是核工业地质局“十五”铀矿地质科研课题之一。本文主要介绍该课题的研究进展情况, 并从沉积岩基础理论研究、钻孔涌漏水综合治理技术、冬季施工技术、松散岩层取心技术研究、卵砾石层取心钻进技术研究、专门水文地质孔与地浸工艺钻孔施工技术研究、无岩心全面钻进技术研究7个方面介绍了课题取得的主要研究成果。