带状数字线划图（DLG）坐标转换方法研究

带状地形图狭长,带状数字线划图坐标转换涉及坐标转换参数和接边问题。本文采用多项式拟合法和分区块重叠带,确定区块坐标转换参数,实现了带状数字线划图坐标转换,解决了分区图形坐标转换的接边问题。并采用实测带状数字线划图数据进行坐标转换实验,转换精度高,能够满足大比例尺带状数字线划图坐标转换要求。     

机载LiDAR点云航带平差方法研究

以航带平差作为系统误差消除的关键技术,提出了基于无控制三维表面匹配的方法,并用最小高程差(LZD)和最小法向距离(LND)两种算法加以实现。实验表明,LND和LZD算法的平差结果均可满足工程精度的需求;LZD较LND算法的整体计算效率偏低,但其精度较高;与商业软件TMatch的结果相比,LZD的精度和其相当,且两种方式在TMatch软件平差失败时也能成功地完成航带平差任务。     

Modelling flow and sediment trapping upstream and within grass buffer strips

Grass buffer strips impact the hydrology of flow and consequently the fate of sediment. A complex process‐based model is developed to predict flow characteristics as well as sediment deposition and transport upstream, and within grass strips. The model is capable of estimating the proportion and amount of different sediment particle size classes in the outflow. The modified Green–Ampt equation was used to simulate infiltration. Gradually varied flow and kinematic wave approximation were used to model flow characteristics upstream and within grass strips. The GUEST model approach has been modified in order to use its basic approaches in sediment transport module in grass strips. Model predictions agree well with the results of two sets of controlled experiments. The bias, coefficient of model efficiency and the root mean squared error of the modelled efficiency of grass strips in reducing sediment concentration were 0.93–0.99, 0.58–0.99 and 8.9–12.7, respectively. The sensitivity analysis showed that the initial soil moisture and flow rate are the most sensitive parameters in predicting runoff loss. Increasing the slope steepness and flow rate dramatically decreases the efficiency of grass strips in reducing sediment concentration and mass. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

谈大型带状工程建设中的土地勘测

以甬金高速公路建设土地勘测工作为例,详细介绍了带状工程用地项目中土地勘测外业和内业的作业全过程,重点介绍了GPS RTK技术在土地勘测工作中的应用,提出了内业数据的处理方法,总结了带状工程的土地勘测过程。     

A cost-benefit analysis for the implementation of riparian buffer strips in the Shihmen reservoir watershed

The Shihmen reservoir is an important water source for about 3.4 million people in northern Taiwan. To protect reservoir water quality,it is necessary to conserve and manage the associated watersheds. Riparian buffer strips can trap pollutants emitted near a watershed.The location and design of a buffer strip can influence its pollutant-trapping efficiency.Any commitment of land for use as a riparian buffer strip must consider the project’s economic effectiveness.The present research is a cost-benefit analysis of various possible land developments in the Shihmen reservoir watershed.This study has applied a regression equation to evaluate pollutant-trapping efficiency levels of riparian buffer strips of various widths.Planned buffer strips have been evaluated in terms of net economic effectiveness and benefit-cost ratio.Results indicate that the optimal buffer strip width is 30 m for the Shihmen reservoir watershed.     

购物出行空间的等级结构比较——以乌鲁木齐汉族与维吾尔族为例

基于对乌鲁木齐市居民的调查问卷所获得的第一手资料,在中心地理论的基础上,通过演绎比较分析了汉族与维吾尔族购物出行的空间等级结构。在市场原则的基础上,分析比较了两个民族之间3种不同收入阶层的购物出行空间等级结构类型。通过分析比较发现汉族购物出行空间等级结构较维吾尔族扁平化,而维吾尔族购物出行空间等级结构较汉族有所拉伸。对各类商品购买出行的距离汉族较维吾尔族均远,维吾尔族对中间商品的购物出行的空间等级跨度较大。此结论为少数民族地区城市的商业网点规划提供科学依据。     

堆载预压下软土地基固结研究

对塑料排水板堆载预压法作用下的软土地基,采用竖向平均固结度计算公式对分级加载的软土地基的不同时刻的固结度进行推算和预测,并利用实测数据对其检验对比,分析地基土的固结程度,预测地基土达到稳定要求的时间。     

Changes in concentration–discharge regression parameters due to coal mining and reclamation activities / Changements dans les paramètres de régression entre concentration et débit,causés par l’exploitation minière de charbon et des activités de reconversion

Abstract

Abstract Assessment of the impacts of mining and reclamation, and design of management practices to reduce chemical loads in stream channels, require knowledge of changing hydrological conditions and of changing sources and rates of release of chemicals into stream waters. One simple method for evaluating these impacts is to combine flow duration curves with regression relations between surface-water chemical concentrations (C) and instantaneous discharge (Q). However, little is known regarding the drainage basin-scale effects of mining and reclaiming drainage basins on regression relations. These effects were assessed on three small experimental drainage basins in Ohio subjected to surface mining for coal. Comparisons were made between regression parameter changes for natural/undisturbed conditions, land disturbances caused by mining and reclamation, incomplete reclamation, and the final condition of the reclaimed drainage basins. Regression analysis used a total of 5047 laboratory analyses of 36 constituents. Of 429 regressions, 153 (36%) were statistically significant. Knowledge of changes in regression parameters is important because regressions supply information on the rate of release and supply of chemical constituents in mined and reclaimed drainage basins. Duration curves of concentration and loads can be constructed using these regressions with flow–duration curves to give estimates of the percentage of time that concentrations and loads are exceeded during different phases of disturbance. This study assessed the changes in regression relations due to mining coal seams and reclamation activities for 36 chemical constituents, two mining methods, three reclamation practices and three distinct geologic settings.     

Development of a simplistic vegetative filter strip model for sediment and nutrient retention at the field scale

Vegetative filter strips (VFSs) are a commonly used conservation measure to remove pollutants from agricultural runoff. The effectiveness of VFSs has been widely studied at the plot scale, yet researchers generally agree that field scale implementations are far less effective. The purpose of this research was to develop a field scale VFS submodel for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). A model for the retention of sediments and nutrients in VFSs was developed from experimental observations derived from 22 publications. A runoff retention model was developed from Vegetative Filter Strip MODel (VFSMOD) simulations. This model was adapted to operate at the field scale by considering the effects of flow concentration generally absent from plot scale experiments. Flow concentration through 10 hypothetical VFSs was evaluated using high resolution (2 m) topographical data and multipath flow accumulation. Significant flow concentration was predicted at all sites, on average 10% of the VFS received half of the field runoff. As implemented in SWAT, the VFS model contains two sections, a large section receiving relatively modest flow densities and a smaller section treating more concentrated flow. This field scale model was incorporated into SWAT and verified for proper function. This model enhances the ability of SWAT to evaluate the effectiveness of VFSs at the watershed scale. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of enhanced assumed strain finite element method to predict collapse loads of undrained geotechnical problems

Many low‐order displacement‐based finite elements with exact integration are not suitable for estimating collapse loads of undrained geotechnical problems, especially for axisymmetric cases. As a result, higher‐order elements have to be used for these situations. In this technical note, the enhanced assumed strain (EAS) finite element method proposed by Simo and Rifai for elasticity problems are extended to plasticity problems to determine collapse loads. The numerical results for the problem of a smooth rigid surface footing on a deep purely cohesive undrained soil layer are given. It is demonstrated that the four‐noded quadrilateral EAS finite element is capable of estimating the collapse loads accurately for both undrained plane strain and axisymmetric problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.