ACMEG‐TS: A constitutive model for unsaturated soils under non‐isothermal conditions

This paper introduces an unconventional constitutive model for soils, which deals with a unified thermo‐mechanical modelling for unsaturated soils. The relevant temperature and suction effects are studied in light of elasto‐plasticity. A generalized effective stress framework is adopted, which includes a number of intrinsic thermo‐hydro‐mechanical connections, to represent the stress state in the soil. Two coupled constitutive aspects are used to fully describe the non‐isothermal behaviour. The mechanical constitutive part is built on the concepts of bounding surface theory and multi‐mechanism plasticity, whereas water retention characteristics are described using elasto‐plasticity to reproduce the hysteretic response and the effect of temperature and dry density on retention properties. The theoretical formulation is supported by comparisons with experimental results on two compacted clays. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluating the stress intensity factors of anisotropic bimaterials using boundary element method

This paper presents a boundary element method (BEM) procedure for a linear elastic fracture mechanics analysis in two‐dimensional anisotropic bimaterials. In this formulation, a displacement integral equation is only collocated on the uncracked boundary, and a traction integral equation is only collocated on one side of the crack surface. A fundamental solution (Green's function) for anisotropic bimaterials is also derived and implemented into the boundary integral formulation so that except for the interfacial crack part, the discretization along the interface can be avoided. A special crack‐tip element is introduced to capture the exact crack‐tip behavior. A computer program using FORTRAN has been developed to effectively calculate the stress intensity factors of an anisotropic bimaterial. This BEM program has been verified to have a good accuracy with previous studies. In addition, a central cracked bimaterial Brazilian specimen constituting cement and gypsum is prepared to conduct the Brazilian test under diametral loading. The result shows that the numerical analysis can predict relatively well the direction of crack initiation and the path of crack propagation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dehydration-related deformation during regional metamorphism, NW Sardinia, Italy

The relationship between deformation and dehydration has been investigated in Hercynian regionally metamorphosed rocks exposed on NW Sardinia. Two episodes of prograde mineral growth (M₁ & M₂) involving dehydration are recognized: growth of chlorite/phengite porphyroblasts at anchizone metamorphic conditions, contemporaneous with the first phase of deformation, D₁, and growth of biotite from chlorite and phengite coincident with the second phase of deformation, D₂. Deformation during both episodes of dehydration is characterized by penetrative axial planar foliations defined by well-developed phyllosilicate preferred orientations quantified by XRD textural goniometry, tight to isoclinal similar folds (interlimb angles <40°), and mineral-filled veins (hydrofractures) orientated parallel to axial planar foliations, that formed contemporaneously with the development of the penetrative foliations. No prograde mineral growth occurred during D₂ at chlorite-zone conditions. D₂ deformation in the absence of dehydration is characterized by non-penetrative crenulation cleavages, poorly developed phyllosilicate preferred orientations, relatively open (interlimb angles >40°), low-strain similar folds and minor brittle deformation. Systematic variations in macrofold interlimb angles, with respect to the timing of mineral growth, indicate that enhanced shortening (c. 80%) occurred during dehydration. Microfabrics show that the onset of dehydration is associated with the transition from a crenulation cleavage to a penetrative foliation. The presence of axial planar hydrofractures that formed coevally with dehydration and fabric development requires that supralithostatic fluid pressures and low differential stresses (<c. 20 MPa) accompanied dehydration. These features demonstrate a connection between the timing of dehydration and the style of deformation.     

A new approximation for pore pressure accumulation in marine sediment due to water waves

The residual mechanism of wave‐induced pore water pressure accumulation in marine sediments is re‐examined. An analytical approximation is derived using a linear relation for pore pressure generation in cyclic loading, and mistakes in previous solutions (Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. 2001; 25 :885–907; J. Offshore Mech. Arctic Eng. (ASME) 1989; 111 (1):1–11) are corrected. A numerical scheme is then employed to solve the case with a non‐linear relation for pore pressure generation. Both analytical and numerical solutions are verified with experimental data (Laboratory and field investigation of wave– sediment interaction. Joseph H. Defrees Hydraulics Laboratory, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 1983), and provide a better prediction of pore pressure accumulation than the previous solution (J. Offshore Mech. Arctic Eng. (ASME) 1989; 111 (1):1–11). The parametric study concludes that the pore pressure accumulation and use of full non‐linear relation of pore pressure become more important under the following conditions: (1) large wave amplitude, (2) longer wave period, (3) shallow water, (4) shallow soil and (5) softer soils with a low consolidation coefficient. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

白鹤滩水库蓄水前后邻区地震活动与应力场变化特征

水库诱发地震是水利水电工程和区域构造稳定性研究的重要内容.白鹤滩水库位于金沙江下游河段,地处小江断裂、则木河断裂和大凉山断裂等多条大型断裂交汇区域,属于地震高烈度区.2021年4月6日白鹤滩水库开始蓄水,本文利用小江断裂带中北段巧家台阵2020年1月—2021年12月地震记录,确定了水库邻区11477个地震事件,采用广义极性振幅技术反演获得了1.5级以上地震震源机制解654个.对水库蓄水前后地震活动和震源机制解分布特征的分析表明：整体而言研究区地震活动时序与水库水位密切相关,水位抬升时地震活动增强,水位维持不变或回落时,地震活动减弱,白鹤滩水库蓄水约6个月后,地震数量基本恢复至蓄水前平均水平.沿水域线附近主断裂带区域,蓄水后地震活动显著增强,数量和震级增大,深度减小,蓄水前地震类型以走滑为主,蓄水后以正断层为主;主断裂带以外以及距离水域线较远的某些区域,蓄水后地震活动受到抑制.基于震源机制解,采用区域应力场阻尼反演方法计算获取了研究区应力场时空分布,结果显示主拉应力轴方向稳定,随时间波动很小,主压应力轴方向随时间波动较大,尤其位于大坝附近的主断裂带交汇区域,蓄水前应力场为走滑型,蓄水后应力场变为正断型.这些结果揭示了水库诱发地震活动和应力场改变的更多细节特征,可进一步为水库诱发地震危险性评估提供重要参考.

     

AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT ON SOUTH-CENTRAL PACIFIC ISLANDS *

A pilot study of spatial patterns of agricultural drought hazard in the south-central Pacific is presented. The durations of crop stress periods are estimated using a water balance approach. A rainfall approach is used to identify dry periods corresponding to different durations. Strong correlation between the results of the two methods indicates that monthly rainfall data are sufficient for estimating the patterns of agricultural drought hazard in the region. The simpler rainfall method is particularly useful for high islands where data required for the water balance approach are not sufficient to characterize the complex climatic patterns. Drought hazard is greatest in the eastern and southwestern parts of the study area. Great spatial variation in drought hazard is observed in a small area on the high islands of Western Samoa, where the range of values found within a few tens of kilometers is about the same as the range found across thousands of kilometers for low islands.     

鄂尔多斯地块西南缘千河水系变迁与新构造运动

鄂尔多斯地块西南缘新构造运动活跃,其河流阶地发育过程和水系演化历史蕴藏了丰富的新构造运动信息。发育于鄂尔多斯西南缘的千河水系两岸不对称分布5级河流阶地,通过野外调查和钻探揭露,厘清了阶地结构和发育特征,利用电子自旋共振(ESR)测年、光释光(OSL)测年和黄土地层对比定年,分析了阶地形成的时代和下切速率,结合区域地质背景,探讨千河阶地发育和水系变迁的动力背景。研究结果表明,千河干流T5~T1阶地分别形成于1.176 Ma、0.766 Ma、0.504 Ma、0.131 Ma和0.04 Ma,各级阶地对应的下切速率分别为76.6 mm/ka、88.3 mm/ka、111.3 mm/ka、149.6 mm/ka和115 mm/ka。通过研究认为,早更新世—晚更新世中期,千河流域区构造运动逐渐加强,晚更新世晚期以后,构造运动逐渐趋缓。河流演化受断裂构造控制,但不同时期构造应力场对千河水系的影响有差别,使千河向不同方向迁移。构造应力场的变化受控于鄂尔多斯地块所处大地构造位置,很可能是青藏高原构造系和西太平洋构造系晚新生代以来在鄂尔多斯西南缘共同作用的结果。     

强风化软硬互层岩质高边坡监测与数值模拟

强风化软硬互层岩质高边坡属岩质边坡特殊情况,其结构面组成及性质复杂,与支护结构相互作用的复杂程度较高,相互影响较大,顺倾结构面临空等情况下破坏可能性很大。以兰永一级公路某深挖路堑边坡的治理工程为依托,对边坡支护过程中及支护结束后的锚杆应力、锚索内力、坡体位移进行了原位监测,并利用岩土分析软件PLAXIS,采用节理岩模块对该边坡工程进行了数值模拟分析。监测及模拟结果表明：该边坡由节理裂隙与岩层面形成折线形潜在滑面,且具有相同滑动可能性的潜在滑面不止一个;支护结构穿透组成滑面折线的任何折线段部分均对结构面稳定有显著影响,但支护结构穿透泥岩面对结构面的影响较穿透节理裂隙更大;支护锚索预应力变化具有一定规律,预应力变化过程对坡体位移及支护结构内力具有一定影响;坡体的主动变形对支护结构内力的影响较坡体被动变形大,结构面产生滑动趋势对坡面位移影响的敏感程度较支护结构内力影响的敏感程度低。该边坡支护稳定,支护设计合理,可为同类边坡支护设计提供相应建议。     

邯峰矿区古构造应力场与构造演化

采用共轭剪节理应力反演方法,恢复了邯郸-峰峰矿区晚古生代以来的3期古构造应力场,进而探讨了煤田构造的演化历史,将其分为4大阶段：①中生代早期近NS向挤压,煤系后期改造初动期;②中生代晚期SE-NW向挤压,奠定煤田构造格架的基础;③中生代末至古近纪NW-SE向拉张,煤田构造格架定型;④新近纪以来近东西向拉张,煤田构造的现代活动.